DEN  STAVE  PIPE 


REDWOOD 
MANUFACTURERS  * 
CO. 

SUCCESSORS   TO 

EXCELSIOR   WOODEN    PIPE   CO. 
SHIRLEY    BAKER 

MANAGER 


JC-NRLF 


OFFICE 

916   BALBOA  BUILDING 

SAN    FRANCISCO,   CAL. 
191T 


AGRIC.  DFPT. 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


REDWOOD 

MANUFACTURERS 

CO. 

SUCCESSORS   TO 

EXCELSIOR   WOODEN    PIPE   CO. 

SHIRLEY    BAKER 

MANAGER 


OFFICE 

916   BALBOA  BUILDING 

SAN    FRANCISCO,   CAL. 
1911 


PREFACE. 


THIS  BOOK  is  intended  to  furnish  general 
information  regarding  the  construction,  the  advan- 
tages and  the  use  of  our  wooden  stave  pipe. 
See  Transactions  of  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Vol.  XLI,  Stave  Pipe — Its  Economic 
Design  and  Economy  of  Its  Use,  by  Hrthin  l^. 
Adams,  M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E. 

Quotations  will  be  promptly  furnisL&gi  upon 
request.  •;•*'? 

Tables r  of  Carrying' capa'crty*  6.1 'stave  pipe  are 
appended/ w5lic*h""lVfec;ho4)£  ma/*  be*  "of  value  to 
engineers.  They  are  especially  prepared  for  this 
book  and  should  be  used  with  such  restrictions 
as  are  set  forth  in  their  preface: 


WOODED  STAVE  PIPE 


DESCRIPTION    O7    FIPE 

The  pipe  is  composed  of  wooden  staves,  banded 
with  steel  hoops. 

The  staves  are  dressed  on  the  flat  sides  to 
circles,  and  on  the  edges  to  radial  lines,  a  cer- 
tain number  of  these  staves  completing  a  true 
circular  ring,  forming  the  shell  of  the  pipe.  The 
staves  are  trimmed  square  at  the  ends,  and  have 
a  saw  kerf  cut  across  the  face  for  the  insertion 
of  a  metallic  tongue.  The  width  of  the  kerf  is 
a  little  less  than  the  thickness  of  the  tongue,  and 
its  depth  is  slightly  less  than  half  the  width  of 


the  tongue,  which  is  driven  into  place  by  light 
taps  of  a  hammer.  The  tongue  is  cut  somewhat 
longer  than  the  width  of  the  stave  and  its  ends 
penetrate  the  adjoining  staves,  thus  securing  a 
tight  butt  joint. 

The  staves  are  built  in  the  pipe  so  as  to  break 
joint  at  least  twenty-four  inches. 

The  hoops  consist  of  steel  bolts  round  in  cross- 
section  with  a  head  at  one  end  and  a  thread  with 
washer  and  nut  at  the  other  end,  the  two  ends 
being  united  by  a  malleable  iron  shoe,  the  thread 
and  nut  providing  the  means  for  tightening.  For 
large  size  pipes  the  bolts  are  in  two  sections,  one 
section  having  both  ends  headed,  and  the  other 
both  ends  threaded.  In  this  case  two  malleable 
iron  shoes  are  required  for  a  complete  band. 


WOODED  STAVE  PIPE 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


The  shoe  is  so  shaped  that  it  fits  closely  upon 
the  outside  of  the  pipe  and  that  the  strain  of  the 
rod  produces  a  straight  pull,  the  entire  band  when 
in  place  lying  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the 
direction  of  pipe. 

The  threads  on  the  rods  are  cold  pressed  or 
upset  and  the  dimensions  of  the  head,  thread, 
nut  and  shoe  are  such  that  the  connection  of  the 
rod  ends  is  the  strongest  part  of  the  hoop. 

When  the  bands  are  spaced  for  high  pressure 
the  power  of  the  numerous  nuts  turned  up  at 
even  moderate  tension  is  sufficient  to  crush  the 
wood  and  collapse  it,  if  carelessly  exerted.  The 
effect  of  this  construction,  when  the  bands  are  at 
proper  tension,  is  to  produce  a  stiff,  hollow  beam 
of  wood  of  great  strength,  and  which  for  rigidity 
against  flattening  is  only  equaled  by  cast-iron 
pipe. 

MATERIALS 

The  wood  used  for  pipe  staves  should  be  sound 
and  clear,  free  from  knots,  shakes,  pitch  seams 
and  other  imperfections.  It  should  be  strong 
enough  to  resist  crushing  under  a  firm  tensile 
strain  on  the  bands  and  should  not  become 
spongy  when  saturated.  It  should  not  shrink  or 
swell  excessively.  The  finished  stave  should  be 
smooth  and  close  grained  to  resist  percolation 
within  the  limits  of  pressure  for  wood  pipe.  Cali- 
fornia redwood  possesses  all  of  these  requisite 
properties.  Pine,  spruce  and  fir  are  being  used 
successfully  in  the  manufacture  of  pipe  staves, 
but  it  is  well  known  that  the  California  redwood 
under  all  conditions  when  built  into  pipe  has  a 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


Erection  of  48-Inch  Pipe 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


longer  life  than  any  other  lumber  now  being  used 
for  this  purpose. 

The  staves  are  dressed,  trimmed  and  slotted 
with  accuracy,  are  shipped  in  box-cars,  and  from 
beginning  to  end  are  handled  with  the  greatest 
care. 

Bolts. — The  bolts  are  made  of  mild  steel,  gen- 
erally having  a  tensile  strength  of  from  58,000  to 
65,000  pounds  per  square  inch.  Both  the  rod 
steel  and  the  finished  bolts  are  subjected  to  care- 
ful tests  before  leaving  the  mill.  They  are  shipped 
straight,  tied  in  bundles  and  are  bent  upon  ar- 
rival and  coated  with  paint  or  dipped  in  hot 
asphaltum. 

Shoes. — The  shoes  are  made  of  the  best  quality 
of  malleable  iron,  free  from  sharp  edges,  splints, 
tags  and  blow  holes.  They  are  coated  with  paint 
or  asphaltum,  the  same  as  the  bands. 

Clips. — The  clips,  or  concealed  metallic  tongues, 
are  sometimes  shipped  ready  cut  and  boxed,  or 
they  are  shipped  as  band  iron  in  bundles  and  cut 
on  the  work.  They  are  one  and  a  half  inches 
wide  and  No.  14,  No.  12  or  No.  10  B.  W.  G.  iron, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  pipe. 

BANDING 

The  bands  around  the  pipe  serve  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  shape  of  the  pipe  and  preventing 
its  collapse  from  suddenly  reduced  pressures  or 
from  weight  of  back-filled  material,  and  of  pre- 
venting the  pipe  from  leakinr  and  bursting  when 
under  pressure. 

To  this  end  they  should  be  designed  so  as  to 
offer  the  required  resistance  to  all  strains  and 
they  should  be  proportioned  as  regards  their  dia- 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


meter,  number  and  bearing  surface  upon  the  wood 
so  as  to  afford  sufficiently  frequent  supports  to 
the  staves  to  avoid  objectionable  deflection  be- 
tween bands  and  to  prevent  indentation. 

The  possible  strains  upon  a  pipe  band  are  com- 
plex in  their  nature,  depending  upon  water  pres- 
sure, initial  strain,  swelling  power  of  the  wood, 
superincumbent  load,  water  hammer,  etc.,  and 
considerable  experience  and  judgment  are  re- 
quired to  determine  intelligently  the  allowance 
to  be  made  for  strains  additional  to  those  caused 
by  mere  water  pressure. 

CONSTRUCTION 

The  method  of  construction  is  sufficiently  illus- 
trated in  the  accompanying  cuts.  It  may  be  prop- 
erly observed  here,  as  is  well  known  to  practical 
pipe  men,  that  to  confine  water  under  pressure 
and  produce  tight  work  requires  experience  as 
well  as  conscientious  care  in  construction,  no 
matter  how  well  the  parts  may  be  designed  and 
how  simple  a  matter  the  work  of  assembling  the 
parts  may  seem  to  be.  The  more  ignorant  a 
contractor,  the  more  readily  will  he  undertake 
a  piece  of  work  of  this  kind  to  his  own  detri- 
ment and  the  serious  annoyance  and  loss  of  the 
owner. 

LIMITS   OF  PRESSURE 

The  seam  joints  of  a  stave  pipe  are  tight  when 
the  staves  are  pressed  together  with  a  pressure 
per  square  inch  exceeding  the  water  pressure. 
The  softness  of  saturated  staves  fixes  the  limit 
of  pressures  under  which  the  stave  pipe  can  be 
kept  tight,  and  for  constructive  reasons  the  work- 


10 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  11 

ing  pressure  to  which  stave  pipe  is  subjected 
should  be  well  within  the  limit  so  determined. 
Experience  has  shown  that  200  feet  is  a  safe  and 
practical  limit  to  which  stave  pipe  can  be  built. 

DURABILITY 

The  fact  that  wood,  where  in  frequent  inter- 
mittent contact  with  water,  is  observed  to  rot  fast 
is  no  evidence  that  it  does  so  when  continually 
submerged.  When  sound  wood  is  kept  thoroughly 
wet  it  does  not  rot.  Hundreds  of  important 
stone  structures  depend  for  their  stability  and 
support  on  wooden  piles ;  and  when  the  precaution 
was  taken  to  use  none  but  good  material,  and  to 
keep  it  below  low  water  level,  no  decay  has 
resulted.  These  structures  have  stood  the  test 
of  time,  some  of  them  for  many  centuries,  and 
where  parts  have  been  removed,  and  old  piles 
taken  up,  they  have  been  found  to  be  sound. 
Wooden  bored  water  pipes  of  small  diameter 
have  been  largely  used  in  England  and  in  some 
of  our  Eastern  cities,  and  when  dug  up,  after 
many  years  of  continuous  service,  have  been 
found  as  sound  and  clean  as  when  they  were 
put  in. 

The  essential  condition  to  insure  an  indefinite 
life  of  the  wooden  staves,  is  that  they  must  be 
kept  constantly  saturated.  This  can  best  be  at- 
tained by  burying  the  pipe  in  the  ground,  as 
thereby  all  evaporation  from  the  surface  of  the 
pipe  will  be  prevented.  If  so  buried,  it  is  necessary 
that  the  pipe  should  run  full  at  intervals  of 
sufficiently  long  duration  to  cause  and  maintain 
complete  saturation  of  the  wood.  When  the 


12 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


a 
£ 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  13 

staves  are  once  thoroughly  soaked  they  will 
remain  so  for  an  indefinite  time  if  the  pipe  is 
buried  and  there  be  no  ventilation  through  the 
pipe. 

If  it  be  admitted  that  the  life  of  the  staves, 
supposing  the  above  condition  to  have  been  com- 
plied with,  is  indefinitely  long,  the  life  of  the 
pipe  as  a  whole  is  dependent  upon  that  of  the 
metal  bands.  In  cast,  wrought  iron  or  steel  pipe 
the  metal  serves  the  double  purpose  of  forming 
the  water-tight  shell  and  providing  the  strength 
to  resist  water  pressure.  If  the  metal  through 
corrosion  fails  in  either  purpose,  the  pipe  has 
become  useless.  It  is  a  notable  fact  that  iron 
pipe  never  fails  because  of  reduction  in  strength, 
but  always  because  of  a  pitting  action  which 
affords  numerous  passages  for  the  water,  causing 
leaks.  This  happens  in  riveted  pipe  long  before 
corrosion  has  seriously  weakened  the  strength  of 
the  metal,  and  such  pipe  would  have  a  very  much 
longer  usefulness  could  its  life  be  extended  until 
the  metal  had  actually  become  too  weak  to  resist 
the  strains  from  water  pressure.  Such  increased 
life  is  secured  to  stave  pipe  because  the  metal  is 
placed  upon  the  pipe  for  purposes  Of  strength 
only;  and  while  steel  pipe  often  has  to  be 
abandoned  when  but  5%  of  its  strength  is 
destroyed  by  corrosion,  stave  pipe  would  continue 
tight  and  the  bands  would  not  be  strained  beyond 
their  elastic  limit  until  60%  of  the  metal  is  rusted 
away. 

The  shape  in  which  the  metal  placed  on  the 
stave  pipe  is  employed,  being  of  round  section,  is 
moreover  far  more  favorable  to  resist  corrosive 


14 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


30-Inch  Pipe  on  Bridge  Subsequently  Boxed  in 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  15 

influences  on  account  of  its  proportionately  small 
surface  than  is  the  attenuated  shape  of  the  thin 
sheets  in  a  riveted  or  welded  pipe. 

Hence  in  conditions  known  to  be  severe,  such 
as  where  pipe  is  to  be  buried  in  salt  water 
marshes,  stave  pipe  has  been  insisted  upon  by 
engineers  in  preference  to  any  other  pressure  pipe, 
and  in  many  cases  metal  pipe  abandoned  after  a 
few  years  of  service  has  been  replaced  by  stave 
pipe.  No  instance  has  yet  been  recorded  where 
stave  pipe  properly  built  in  the  first  instance  and 
kept  buried  and  rilled  with  water  has  started 
leaking  or  has  given  any  evidence  of  weakening, 
or  in  fact  has  afforded  any  evidence  upon  which 
to  base  an  intelligent  limitation  of  its  continued 
usefulness. 

As  regards  the  effect  of  wear  of  water,  when 
carrying  sand,  upon  the  soft  wooden  staves,  which 
has  sometimes  been  advanced  as  an  objection  to 
wooden  pipe,  as  being  likely  to  shorten  its  life, 
we  quote  from  the  able  report  of  Mr.  S.  Fortier, 
consulting  engineer  of  the  Ogden  Bench  Canal 
and  Water  Company: 

"Wooden  stave  pipe  is  now  extensively  used 
throughout  the  arid  West,  and  wherever  care  has 
been  exercised  in  its  construction,  has  produced 
excellent  results.  For  a  time  it  was  thought  that 
a  stave  pipe  would  soon  decay,  but  the  best  prac- 
tice of  late  years  has  demonstrated  the  fact  that 
when  laid  below  the  grade  line  and  consequently 
kept  full  of  water  it  is  practically  indestructible. 
There  was  but  one  thing  lacking  to  prove  its 
general  durability,  viz.,  the  wear  on  the  staves 
caused  by  sediment  and  gravel  in  the  water. 


16 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  17 

Nearly  three  years  ago  the  author  began  experi- 
menting in  this  direction  with  a  view  of  deter- 
mining the  amount  of  wear  in  such  piping.  A 
stave  pipe  of  24  inches  diameter,  built  of  Cali- 
fornia redwood,  was  laid  on  a  steep  grade  and 
water  allowed  to.  flow  continuously  through  it. 
The  water  seldom  covered  or  touched  upon  more 
than  four  of  the  bottom  staves  and  had  a  mini- 
mum velocity  of  18  feet  per  second.  The  character 
of  the  water  was  also  the  same,  as  regards 
sediment,  as  that  flowing  in  Ogden  River.  At  the 
end  of  two  years  portions  of  the  bottom  staves 
were  removed,  and,  when  their  thickness  after 
being  dried  was  compared  with  other  staves  in 
the  same  section  of  pipe  that  had  never  been 
subjected  to  any  wear,  no  appreciable  diminution 
in  thickness  could  be  observed.  The  velocity  of 
flow  in  pipe  conduits  seldom  exceeds  six  feet  per 
second,  so  that  the  amount  of  wear  in  the  case  of 
the  test,  the  velocity  being  18  feet  per  second, 
would  be  about  equal  to  the  wear  in  a  conduit 
on  an  ordinary  grade  during  a  period  of  six 
years." 

LONGITUDINAL   STRENGTH 

The  absence  of  circumferential  joints  in  its 
construction  avoids  serious  local  weakening  of 
the  strength  of  the  pipe  considered  as  a  long  tube, 
and  this,  taken  in  connection  with  its  lightness 
and  the  possibility  of  producing  tight  work  even 
with  some  water  in  the  trench,  has  frequently  led 
to  its  adoption  in  situations  where,  owing  to  the 
softness  of  the  ground,  other  pipe  would  have 
required  special  foundation  and  expensive  pump- 
ing operations. 


18 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


18-Inch  Pipe,  Cast  Iron  Elbows 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  19 

LIGHT  WEIGHT   OF  PARTS 

In  places  along  steep  side  hills  and  otherwise 
difficult  of  access,  heavy  hoisting  apparatus  or 
specially  constructed  roads  can  be  avoided  by  the 
use  of  stave  pipe.  All  the  required  material  for 
the  largest  size  pipe  can  be  transported  on  the 
backs  of  mules,  handled  by  at  the  most  two  men 
by  hand  or  raised  to  the  line  of  work  by  light 
cables  or  tramways.  This  is  of  great  importance 
not  only  in  first  construction  but  in  the  matter 
of  repairs  should  the  work  be  damaged  by  land 
slides  or  from  other  exterior  causes. 

TIGHTNESS 

In  spite  of  the  enormous  proportion  of  both 
seam  and  butt  joints,  experience  has  amply 
shown  the  possibility  of  constructing  wooden  pipe 
water-tight.  Careful  tests  have  been  made  with 
pipe  lines  many  miles  in  length,  built  by  us,  where 
accurate  measurements  at  both  ends  of  the  line 
failed  to  establish  any  difference  between  inflow 
and  outflow.  As  a  deduction  from  one  of  these 
tests,  Mr.  A.  L.  Adams  in  his  paper  on  the 
"Astoria  Water  Works"  (Am.  Soc.  C.  E.  Trans- 
actions, Dec.,  1896)  observes  that  it  "gave  results 
which  the  author  believes  have  never  been  sur- 
passed in  any  other  pipe  construction  of  any 
class." 

CARRYING    CAPACITY 

In  comparing  cost  of  different  classes  of  pres- 
sure pipe  the  proper  basis  is  not  that  of  cost  per 
foot  for  the  same  diameters  alone,  nor  is  it 


20 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  21 

sufficient  that  the  comparative  endurance  of  the 
pipe  be  added  to  these  considerations.  Pipe  is 
built  to  convey  water,  and  it  is  the  results  obtained 
that  should  form  the  basis.  If  stave  pipe  of  a 
certain  size  will  do  the  same  work  as  a  metal 
pipe  of  larger  size,  then  the  cost  of  the  smaller 
wooden  pipe  should  be  compared  with  that  of  the 
larger  metal  pipe  and  a  comparison  on  this  im- 
partial basis  will  still  further  emphasize  the 
economy  to  be  obtained  from  the  use  of  stave 
pipe  within  the  limitations  of  its  safe  operation. 

The  flow  experiments  on  stave  pipe  that  have 
so  far  been  made  may  not  entirely  agree  among 
themselves,  any  more  than  is  the  case  with  other 
classes  of  pipe,  nevertheless  it  is  an  undisputed 
fact  that  the  carrying  capacity  of  stave  pipe  ex- 
ceeds that  of  metal  pipe,  even  under  most  favor- 
able conditions.  Entire  absence  of  interior 
shoulders  and  smoothness  of  interior  surface 
account  for  these  results. 

While  metal  pipe  is  very  liable  to  the  formation 
of  tubercles  upon  its  interior  surface,  rapidly 
reducing  its  carrying  capacity  in  the  course  of 
even  a  few  years,  stave  pipe  remains  smooth  and 
its  carrying  capacity  unaffected  by  age. 

FIXTURES 

Gate  valves  with  specially  large  bells  can  be 
inserted  in  a  line  of  wooden  pipe  the  same  as  in 
other  pressure  pipe,  the  joints  being  caulked  with 
oakum  and  lead.  Standard  gate  valves  can  be 
used  in  connection  with  short  cast  iron  bell  and 
spigot  pieces,  having  a  bell  of  the  necessary  size 
to  receive  the  wooden  pipe. 


22 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


GJ 

0 


o 
O 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  WATER  WORKS     23 

Connection  with  other  classes  of  pressure  pipe 
is  made  by  the  intervention  of  a  short  cast  iron 
bell  piece,  or  by  slightly  enlarging  the  end  of  the 
wood  pipe  and  lapping  the  staves  over  the  end 
of  the  other  pressure  pipe. 

Connection  with  branch  lines,  if  of  about  the 
same  diameter,  is  made  by  inserting  a  cast  iron, 
or,  for  a  very  large  size,  a  steel  riveted  "T"  with 
bells  of  suitable  dimensions.  If  the  diameter  of 
the  branch  line  is  less  than  one-half  that  of  the 
main  line,  connection  can  be  made  in  a  more 
economical  manner  by  bolting  a  cast  iron  saddle 
to  the  side  of  the  pipe,  with  a  bell  at  its  outer 
end.  Blow-off  or  drain  gates  are  connected  simi- 
larly, the  cast  iron  saddle  being,  however,  usually 
provided  at  its  outer  end  with  either  a  flat  flange 
or  a  screw  thread  to  fit  a  nipple. 

Air  valves,  relief  valves  and  stand  pipes  are 
connected  in  the  same  manner.  Changes  in  dia- 
meter can  be  readily  made  by  the  planing  down 
of  the  staves  or  by  the  insertion  of  additional 
tapering  staves. 

USES 

In  a  general  way  it  can  be  said  that  stave  pipe 
may  be  employed  wherever  pressure  pipe  is  re- 
quired with  pressure  below  200  feet.  It  may  not 
be  amiss  to  particularize  as  to  its  uses. 

DOMESTIC    WATER   SUPPLY 

Stave  pipe  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  the  convey- 
ance of  water  from  distant  sources,  in  view  of 
the  general  possibility  of  locating  and  equipping 


24     WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  WATER  WORKS 


Stand  Pipe  with  Overflow,  Main  Gate  and  Air 
Inlet  on  18-Inch  Stave  Pipe 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  IRRIGATION         25 

long  supply  mains  in  such  a  manner  as  to  keep 
the  pressure  within  the  limits  of  stave  pipe 
construction,  and  to  avoid  serious  water  ram. 
Many  cities  receive  their  supply  exclusively  or 
partly  through  stave  pipe,  among  which  the  fol- 
lowing can  be  mentioned : 

Denver,  Colo. ;  Ogden,  Provo  and  Logan,  Utah ; 
Pocatello,  Idaho ;  Butte,  Mont. ;  New  Whatcom, 
Tac.oma,  Seattle  and  Clarkston,  Wash. ;  Astoria, 
Ore. ;  Oakland,  Hollister,  Los  Angeles  and 
National  Soldiers'  Home  near  Santa  Monica, 
Cal.;  Abilene,  Tex.;  Kaslo,  B.  C. ;  Calgary,  Al- 
berta ;  St.  John,  New  Brunswick ;  Lynchburg, 
Va. ;  Greensboro,  N.  C.,  etc. 

IRRIGATION 

Wooden  flumes,  which  carry  irrigation  water 
on  grade  over  rivers  and  depressions,  are  a 
familiar  feature  of  irrigation  canals.  They  have, 
however,  some  serious  disadvantages,  which 
render  different  methods  of  conveying  the  water 
very  desirable.  Exposed  as  they  are  to  the  action 
of  the  wind  and  sun,  the  wood  warps  and  cracks, 
and  since  they  are  alternately  wet  and  dry,  the 
wood  rots  quickly.  The  trestles  upon  which  they 
rest  form  an  obstruction  to  the  water  in  the 
creeks  over  which  they  cross,  which,  when  coming 
down  in  freshets,  endangers  the  entire  structure. 

The  pipe,  when  buried  in  the  ground,  is  pro- 
tected from  the  action  of  the  atmosphere  and 
leaves  no  obstruction  to  the  flow  of  surface  water 
over  it.  It  may  be  kept  full  of  water  the  year 
round,  or  where  danger  of  freezing  exists,  the 
water  may  be  drawn  off  through  a  gate  at  the 


26         WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  IRRIGATION 

bottom  at  the  end  of  the  irrigation  season.  In 
places  where  flifme  with  ordinary  height  of  trestle 
can  be  used,  an  inverted  siphon  will  often  be 
found  more  economical. 

Where  the  dip  is  so  great  as  to  put  fluming 
out  of  the  question,  a  straight  pipe  line  may  be 
run  across,  frequently  saving  many  miles  of  canal. 
Where  water  is  developed  from  underground 
sources  or  where  it  is  pumped  to  considerable 
height,  it  is  of  importance  that  great  expense 
having  been  incurred  in  its  collection,  the  water 
should  all  be  saved  and  not  be  allowed  to  seep 
away  in  the  ground  before  reaching  its  destina- 
tion, to  which  clear  water  is  particularly  liable. 
Pipe  lines  instead  of  canals  are  for  this  reason 
best  adapted  to  conduct  water.  They  will  also 
save  whatever  evaporation  there  may  be  from 
open  ditches,  will  do  away  with  troublesome 
growth  of  algae  in  this  kind  of  water  and  with 
the  annual  expense  of  cleaning,  and  will  admit 
of  continued  flow  during  the  winter  season  for 
filling  storage  reservoirs. 

There  is  also  a  saving  in  the  cost  of  right  of 
way,  as  they  do  not  show  on  the  surface,  and  may 
often  be  laid  for  long  distances  along  the  county 
roads. 

When  water  is  put  upon  the  land  by  pumping, 
pump  mains  are  required,  for  which  our  pipe 
thoroughly  recommends  itself  on  account  of  its 
economy  and  great  carrying  capacity  and  a  con- 
tinual saving  in  fuel  and  operating  expenses  may 
be  obtained  through  its  use. 

A  notable  instance  of  a  successful  irrigation 
pumping  plant  is  furnished  by  the  works  built 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  IRRIGATION         27 

near  Yuma,  Arizona,  by  Messrs.  Blaisdell  & 
Hicks,  who  combined  costly  pumping  machinery 
of  the  greatest  efficiency  with  a  large  wooden 
main  pipe,  thereby  securing  remarkable  economy 
in  fuel  consumption. 

Another  instance  is  the  plant  of  the  Spreckels 
Sugar  Company,  at  Kings  City,  California,  where 
the  water  pumped  by  three  20-inch  centrifugal 
pumps  is  conducted  through  a  60-inch  pipe  three 
thousand  feet  long  to  an  elevation  about  34  feet 
above  the  source  of  supply. 

Stave  pipe  has  been  used  for  irrigation,  as  is 
shown  in  the  following  list : — 

Maxwell   Grant,   N.   M. ; 

Fort  Garland,  Colo. ; 

Berkley  Lake,  Denver ; 

Bessemer  Ditch,  Pueblo ; 

Parachute,  Colo. ; 

Gothenburg,  Neb. ; 

Yuma,  Arizona; 

Bear  Valley  Irrigation  Company,  Redlands,  Cal. ; 

Kern  County  Land  Company,  Bakersfield,  Cal. ; 

Yakima  Valley  Canal  Co.,  N.  Yakima,  Wash. ; 

City  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ; 

Mount  Nebo  Land'&  Irrigation  Co.,  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah; 

Crocker  Hoffman  Estate,  Merced,  Cal. ; 

Poso  Irrigation  District,  Poso,  Cal.; 

Spreckels  Sugar  Co.,  Kings  City,  Cal.; 

Bitter  Root  Valley  Irrigation  Co.,  Hamilton, 
Mont.  ; 

French  Land  &  Irrigation  Co.,  French,  N.  M. ; 

Louisiana  Rio  Grande  Canal  Co.,  McAllen, 
Texas ; 

Rio  Bravo  Irrigation  Co.,  McAllen,  Texas; 

Anrl    maiT\7-    ofli/^r-c    tTiif   s*r\it]/A    V\a    «~i ^ *-»-i ^ A 


28      WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  WATER  POWER 

WATER    POWER 

With  the  rapid  improvement  of  hydraulic  and 
electric  machinery  water  power  is  being  utilized 
on  an  ever  increasing  scale. 

In  the  mountainous  districts  from  which  such 
power  in  the  western  United  States  is  generally 
obtained,  the  construction  of  open  canals  along 
the  side-hills  is  often  prohibitive  in  cost,  if  not 
utterly  impracticable. 

Flume  construction  is  generally  possible,  but 
where  carried  along  steep  and  rocky  hill-sides  it 
is  frequently  very  expensive,  besides  being  sub- 
ject to  external  injury  from  fire  where  on  trestle 
and  from  rolling  boulders,  and  being  liable  to 
interruption  from  the  formation  of  ice.  Occa- 
sionally flume  construction  becomes  impracticable 
where  a  gradual  descent  of  the  country  compels 
the  construction  of  very  high  trestle.  In  all  such 
cases  the  use  of  stave  pipe  may  be  advantageously 
considered.  It  can  be  placed  along  the  hill-sides 
independent  of  elevation  or  grade  where  natural 
benches  afford  an  economical  foundation,  and 
being  covered  it  is  subject  neither  to  danger  from 
fires  or  destruction  from  falling  boulders,  nor  to 
interruption  from  frost  or  snow,  momentous 
advantages  when  the  necessity  for  uninterrupted 
supply  of  water  to  the  wheels  is  considered. 

While  in  first  cost  in  some  cases  it  compares 
unfavorably  with  flume,  when  short  life  and  cost 
of  maintenance  of  flumes  are  given  due  weight, 
stave  pipe  will  often  be  found  to  be  most  eco- 
nomical. Stave  pipe  is  used  for  this  purpose  by 
the  Yuba  Electric  Company,  near  Marysville;  the 
Floriston  Pulp  &  Paper  Company,  at  Floriston, 


WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE  FOR  OUTFALL  SEWERS   29 

all  in  California;  and  the  Reno  Water,  Land  and 
Light  Company  at  Reno,  Nevada ;  the  Utah  Sugar 
Co.,  at  their  Bear  River  plant ;  the  City  of  Spring- 
ville,  Utah;  the  Vancouver  Power  Co.,  at  Van- 
couver, B.  C. ;  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ; 
Great  Northern  Power  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn. ; 
Northern  Idaho  &  Montana  Power  Co.,  Big  Fork, 
Mont;  Hydro  Electric  Co.,  Bodie,  Cal. ;  Michoa- 
can  Power  Co.,  Villasenor,  Mexico;  Nevada  Cali- 
fornia Power  Co.,  Bishop,  Cal.  Also  in  a  number 
of  other  places  that  could  be  enumerated. 

OUTFALL   SEWERS 

Sewerage  has  frequently  to  be  conducted  long 
distances  to  be  discharged  in  the  ocean,  in  natural 
streams  or  on  sewer  farms  or  filter  beds.  Where 
the  pipe  can  be  maintained  full  at  intervals  or 
where  it  lies  in  wet  soil,  or  where  sewage  is 
pumped,  conditions  for  the  use  of  wooden  pipe 
are  favorable.  In  comparison  with  ordinary 
sewer  pipe  it  has  the  advantage  that  it  can  be  built 
tight  even  with  a  small  amount  of  water  in  the 
trench,  and  that  in  soft  and  marshy  soil  no  foun- 
dation is  required,  as  the  pipe  when  full  is  no 
heavier  than  the  soil  it  displaces  and  has  great 
longitudinal  strength.  Stave  pipe  has  been  so 
used  in  Los  Angeles,  Hollister,  Palo  Alto,  Menlo 
Park  and  San  Rafael,  all  in  California;  and  the 
important  fact  that  wood  is  in  no  way  affected 
by  the  frequent  acidulous  character  of  the  sewage 
is  largely  in  its  favor  in  comparing  it  with  metal 
pressure  pipes. 


30  OTHER  USES  AND  TESTIMONIALS 

OTHER   USES 

Stave  pipe  has  been  used  for  a  number  of  other 
purposes,  such  as  for  discharge  pipe  of  hydraulic 
dredges,  for  caissons  in  wharf  and  foundation 
construction,  etc.,  and  has  given  satisfaction  in 
every  instance. 

TESTIMONIALS 

We  can  refer  you  to  a  number  of  pipe  lines 
installed  by  us  many  years  ago,  and,  if  desired, 
can  send  you  testimony  from  the  owners  regard- 
ing these  various  installations. 


TABLES    ON   FLOW    THROUGH 
WOODEN   STAVE   PIPE 


PREFACE 

It  is  well  known  that  the  carrying  capacity  of 
water  pipe  depends  upon  the  smoothness  of  its 
interior  surface.  In  this  respect  wooden  pipe  not 
only  surpasses  all  other  pressure  pipe  in  the 
market,  when  it  is  new,  but  its  capacity  does  not 
decrease  with  use,  as  is  the  case  with  wrought 
iron,  steel  and  cast  iron  pipe.  Our  pipe  will  carry 
from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent  more  water  than  iron 
or  steel  pipe  when  both  are  new  and  from  thirty 
to  fifty  per  cent  more  when  both  are  ten  years  old. 

Until  recently  the  experiments  on  flow  through 
wooden  pipes  have  been  very  meager,  not  cover- 
ing sufficient  range  of  diameters  and  velocities  to 
warrant  the  engineer  in  using  the  results  as  to 
delivery,  without  allowing  an  ample  factor  of 
safety.  However,  of  late  years,  wooden  pipe  has 
entered  so  largely  in  the  construction  of  pressure 
conduits ;  and,  as  a  result,  many  experiments 
have  been  made  to  determine  more  closely  its 
delivering  capacity.  The  results  have  been  plotted 
logarithmically,  using  the  friction  heads  as 
ordinates  and  the  velocities  as  abscissas,  the 
plotted  lines  representing  the  diameters.  (Pro- 
ceedings American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
Oct.,  1902.)  This  logarithmic  plotting  developed 


32        FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 

quite  harmonious  results,  and  led  to  suggesting  a 
formula  of  the  form  H— m  Vn  where 

H  =  friction  head  per  1000  ft.  of  pipe. 

V  =  velocity  in  feet  per  second. 

m  — a  constant  depending  on  the  diameter. 

n  =  exponent  of  the  velocity. 

The  value  of  "m"  is  obtained  directly  from  the 
logarithmic  plotting  by  placing  "V'}=1.  "n"  is 
also  obtained  from  this  plotting  by  scaling  the 
slope  of  the  plotted %  lines.  In  the  majority  of 
experiments  referred  to  the  value  of  "n"  devel- 
oped was  1.73. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  preface  to  go  into 
a  technical  discussion  of  the  formula  above  sug- 
gested, but  the  results  obtained  therefrom  seem 
to  harmonize  with  actual  experiment  more  nearly 
than  those  derived  from  the  Kutter  formula, 
which  had  been  generally  used,  or  from  any  other 
formula  which  has  come  under  our  observation. 
We  have  therefore  accepted  the  new  formula  as 
the  safest  basis  at  present  available  and  have  used 
same  in  the  compilation  of  the  following  tables. 

The  tables  may  be  used — 

First — To  ascertain  the  loss  of  head  or  fric- 
tional  resistance  within  any  size  pipe,  while  dis- 
charging given  quantities  of  water. 

Second — To  find  the  maximum  quantity  of 
water  which  any  size  pipe  will  discharge  under  a 
given  head. 

Third — To  determine  the  size  of  pipe  required 
to  conduct  a  given  quantity  of  water  under  a 
given  head. 

The  total  head  required  to  force  water  into  and 
through  a  line  of  pipe  consists  of  three  parts : 


FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE        33 

hr  The  head  required  to  impart  velocity  to 
the  water. 

h0.  The  head  required  to  overcome  resistance 
of  contraction  at  the  point  of  entrance. 

hr  The  head  required  to  overcome  frictional 
resistance  in  the  pipe  itself. 

h    is  solely  dependent  upon  the  velocity  of  the 

water    in    the    pipe,    and    is    given    in    the    first 

columns    of    the    tables.      h2    depends    upon    the 

facility    with    which    the    water    enters    the   pipe, 

and  may  be  approximated  from  hx  as  follows : 

Pipe  projecting  into  reservoir  h2  =  0.96  hr 

Pipe  flush  with  side  of  reservoir  h0  =  0.47  h^ 

Pipe    with    funnel-shaped    intake    h0  =  0.06    h1> 

h3  is  directly  proportionate  to  the  length  of  the 

pipe,    and    becomes    all-important    for    long    pipe 

lines,    in    which    case    h1    and    h9    may    often   be 

entirely    neglected.      This    is    not    the    case    with 

short  pipe   lines,    such   as   siphons    for   irrigation 

canals,  especially  if  the  water  is  to  attain  a  high 

rate  of  speed. 

The  tables  are  based  on  the  assumption  of  pipe 
lines  perfectly  straight,  both  as  regards  alignment 
and  grade. 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE  35 


TEN -INCH    PIPE. 


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FRICTION  HEAD 

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1.58 

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0.98 

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36 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


TWELVE -INCH    PIPE. 


££•§ 

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0.54 

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0.64 

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0.62 

0.50 

0.15 

0.79 

0.32 

0.01 

0.73 

0.60 

0.20 

1.06 

0.38 

0.01 

0.92 

0.76 

0.30 

1  .58 

0.49 

0.02 

1.08 

0.89 

0.4 

2.11 

0.57 

0.02 

1    23 

1.01 

0.5 

2.64 

0.65 

0.03 

1.37 

1.13 

0.6 

3.17 

0.73 

0.04 

1.50 

1.25 

0.7 

3.70 

0.80 

0.04 

1.63 

1.34 

0.8 

4.22 

0.86 

0.05 

1.73 

1.43 

0.9 

4.75 

0.92 

0.05 

1.83 

1.52 

1.0 

5.28 

0.98 

0.07 

2.33 

1.8 

1.5 

7.92 

1.16 

0  12 

2.75 

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10.56 

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0.42 

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6 

31.68 

2.59 

0.51 

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2.85 

0.59 

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42.24 

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0.68 

6.60 

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47.54 

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0.76 

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1.3 

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84.48 

4.60 

1.5 

9.75 

7.6 

18 

95.04 

4.92 

1.7 

10.40 

8.1 

20 

105.60 

5.25 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


FOURTEEN  -  INCH    PIPE. 


s}f 

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FRICTION  HEAD 
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0.59 

0.63 

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0.64 

0.40 

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0.67 

0.72 

0.15 

0  79 

0.46 

0.01 

0.80 

0.86 

0.20 

1.06 

0.55 

0.02 

1.00 

1.07 

0.30 

1.58 

0.69 

0.02 

1.18 

1.26 

0.4 

2.11 

0.81 

0.03 

1.35 

1.44 

0.5 

2.64 

0.93 

0.04 

1.50 

1.60 

0.6 

3.17 

1.03 

0.04 

1.64 

1.76 

0.7 

3.70 

1.14 

0.05 

1.78 

1.90 

0.8 

4.22 

1.23 

0.06 

1.89 

2.02 

0.9 

4.75 

1.30 

0.06 

2.00 

2.14 

1.0 

5.28 

1.38 

0.10 

2.53 

2.7 

1.5 

7.92 

1.75 

0.14 

2.98 

3.2 

2.0 

10.56 

2.07 

0.22 

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15.84 

2,60 

0.31 

4.45 

4.7 

4 

21.12 

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0.50 

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73.92 

6.32 

1.5 

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10.6 

16 

84.48 

6.85 

1.8 

10,7 

11.4 

18 

95.04 

7.39 

2.0 

11.4 

12.2 

20 

105.60 

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38 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


SIXTEEN -INCH    PIPE. 


v  o  >» 

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0.69 

0.9 

0.12 

0.64 

0.58 

0.01 

0.72 

1.0 

0.15 

0.79 

0.65 

0.01 

0.85 

1.2 

0.2 

1.06 

0  77 

0.02 

1.08 

1.5 

0.3 

1.58 

,0.97 

0.03 

1.27 

1.8 

0.4 

2.11 

1.16 

0.03 

1.45 

2.0 

0.5 

2.64 

1.30 

0.04 

1.61 

2.2 

0.6 

3.17 

1.45 

0.05 

1.77 

2.5 

0.7 

3.70 

1.62 

0.06 

1.90 

2.7 

0.8 

4.22 

1.74 

0.06 

2.03 

2.8 

0.9 

4.75 

1.81 

0.07 

2.17 

3.0 

1.0 

5.28 

1.94 

0.12 

"  2.74 

3.8 

1.5 

7.92 

2.46 

0.16 

3.24 

4.5 

2 

10.56 

2.92 

0.26 

4.10 

5.7 

3 

15.84 

.3.69 

0.36 

4.83 

6.7 

4 

21.12 

4.34 

0.47 

5.50 

7.7 

5 

26.40 

4.98 

0.58 

6.10 

8.5 

6 

31.68 

5.50 

0.70 

6.70 

9.3 

7 

36.96 

6.02 

0.81 

7.22 

10.0 

8 

42.24 

6.48 

0.93 

7.73 

10.8 

9 

47.52 

7.05 

1.2 

8.20 

11.4 

10 

52.80 

7.39 

1.3 

9.10 

12.7 

12 

63.36 

8.21 

1.5 

9.91 

13.8 

14 

73.92 

8:95 

1.8 

10.7 

14.9 

16 

84.48 

9.55 

2.1 

11.5 

16.0 

18 

95.04 

10.3 

2.3 

12.2 

17  0 

20 

105.60 

11.0 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


EIGHTEEN  -  INCH    PIPE. 


Head  in  Feet  re- 
quired to  pro- 
duce Velocity. 

L 
P 

Discharge  in 
Cubic  Feet  per 
Second. 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

Discharge  in 
Million  Gallons 
per  twenty-four 
Hours. 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.01 

0.61 

1.1 

0.10 

0.53 

0.71 

0.01 

0.68 

1.2 

0.12 

0.64 

0.77 

0.01 

0.77 

1.4 

0.15 

0.79 

0,90 

0.01 

0.91 

1.6 

0.20 

1.06 

.03 

0.02 

1.15 

2.0 

0.30 

1.58 

.30 

0.03 

1.36 

2.4 

0.40 

2.11 

.55 

0.04 

1.55 

2.7 

0.50 

2.64 

.74 

0.05 

1.72 

3.0 

0.60 

3.17 

.94 

0.05 

1.87 

3.3 

0.70 

3.70 

2.14 

0.06 

2.00 

3.5 

0.80 

4.22 

2.26 

0.07 

2.17 

3.8 

0.90 

4.75 

2.46 

0.08 

2.30 

4.1 

1.0 

5.28 

2.66 

0.13 

2.91 

5.1 

1.5 

7.92 

3.30 

0.18 

3.43 

6.1 

2 

10.56 

3.95 

0.29 

4.35 

7.7 

3 

15.84 

4.98 

0.41 

5.15 

9.1 

4 

21.12 

5.89 

0.53 

5.85 

10.3 

5 

26.40 

6.66 

0.65 

6.49 

11.5 

6 

31.68 

7.45 

0.78 

7.08 

12.5 

7 

36.96 

8.10 

0.91 

7.66 

13.5 

8 

42.24 

8.75 

1.0 

8.20 

14.5 

9 

47.52 

9.40 

1.2 

8.70 

15.4 

10 

52.80 

9.99 

1.4 

9.6 

17.0 

12 

63.36 

11.0 

1.8 

10.7 

18.9 

14 

73.92 

12.2 

2.1 

11.5 

20.3 

16 

84.48 

13.2 

2.3 

12.2 

21.6 

18 

95.04 

14.0 

2.7 

13.1 

23.2 

20 

105.60 

15.0 

40 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


TWENTY -INCH   PIPE. 


~ 

tJ 

g 

v>  u 

s:  a 

£  o,'D 

L 

Q. 

FRICTION  HEAD 

.2.5 

of  0.2 

.50 

°~  ju 

in  Feet 

•~o~ 

'c'S> 

i| 

^o'c 

§>§  |«5 

i'3§ 

u  "" 

III 

Per 

Per 

1P1 

> 

Q 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

Q 

0.01 

0.65 

1.4 

0.10 

0.53 

0.90 

0.01 

0.72 

1.6 

0.12 

0.64 

1.03 

0.01 

0.82 

1  .8 

0.15 

0.79 

1.16 

0.01 

0.97 

2.1 

0.2 

1.06 

1.36 

0.02 

1.22 

2.7 

0.3 

1.58 

1.75 

0.03 

1.44 

3.1 

0.4 

2.11 

2.01 

0.04 

1.64 

3.6 

0.5 

2.64 

2.33 

0.05 

1.82 

4.0 

0.6 

3.17 

2.59 

0.06 

2.00 

4.4 

0.7 

3.70 

2.  85 

0.07 

2.13 

4.6 

0.8 

4.22 

2.98 

0.08 

2.30 

5.0 

0.9 

4!  75 

3.24 

0.09 

2.45 

5.3 

1.0 

5.28 

3.43 

0.15 

3.10 

6.8 

1.5 

7.92 

4.41 

0.21 

3.66 

8.0 

2 

10.56 

5.18 

0.33 

4.63 

10.  1 

3 

15.84 

6.55 

0.46 

5.45 

11.9 

4 

21.12 

7.70 

0.60 

6  20 

13.5  - 

5 

26.40 

8.75 

0.74 

6.90 

15.1 

6 

31.68 

9.80 

0.88 

7.52 

16.4 

7 

36.96 

10.6 

1.0 

8.15 

17.8 

8 

42.24 

11.5 

1.2 

8.73 

19.0 

9 

47.52 

12.3 

1.3 

9.28 

20.2 

10 

52.80 

13.0 

1.7 

10,3 

22.5 

12 

63.36 

14.5 

2.0 

11.3 

24.7 

14 

73.92 

15.0 

2.3 

12.1 

26.4 

16 

84.48 

17.1 

2.6 

13.0 

28.4 

18 

95.04 

18.4 

3.0 

13.8 

30.1 

20 

105.60 

19.5 

FLOVV    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


41 


TWENTY-TWO-INCH    PIPE, 


gSi 

L 

I 

FRICTION  HEAD 

Sa 

!>? 

1^1 

C  o 

'«>! 

in  Feet 

•;5t 

CTJ> 

£<§ 

woe 

ffSM 

'ill 

X 

ll 

"v  A 

ls§ 
5Uc/1 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 
Mile 

Sstg 
jfS&a 

Q 

0.01 

0.68 

1.8 

0.10 

0.53 

1.16 

0.01 

0.76 

2.0 

0.12 

0.64 

1.30 

0.01 

0.86 

2.3 

0.15 

0.79 

1.49 

0.02 

1.02 

2.7 

0.20 

1.06 

1.75 

0.03 

1.29 

3.4 

0.30 

1.58 

2.21 

0.04 

1.51 

4.0 

0.40 

2.11 

2.59 

0.05 

1.73 

4.6 

0.50 

2.64 

2.98 

0.06 

1.93 

5.1 

0.60 

3.17 

3.30 

0.07 

2.10 

5.5 

0.70 

3.70 

3.56 

0.08 

2.25 

5.9 

0.80 

4.22 

3.82 

0.09 

2.43 

6.4 

0.90 

4.75 

4.15 

0.10 

2.58 

6.8 

1.0 

5.28 

4.40 

0.17 

3.28 

8.7 

1.5 

7.92 

5.60 

0.23 

3.86 

10.2 

2.0 

10.56 

6.61 

0.37 

4.88 

12.9 

3 

15.84 

8.35 

0.52 

5.76 

15.2 

4 

21.12 

9.85 

0.67 

6.55 

17.3 

5 

26.40 

11.2 

0.82 

7.28 

19.2 

6 

31.68 

12.4 

1.0 

7.95 

21.0 

7 

36.96 

13.6 

1.1 

8.55 

22.6 

8 

42.24 

14.6 

1.3 

9.20 

24.3 

9 

47.52 

15.8 

1.5 

9.78 

25.8 

10 

52.80 

16.8 

1.8 

10.8 

28.5 

12 

63.36 

18.4 

2.2 

11.8 

31.1 

14 

73.92 

20.3 

2.6 

12.9 

34.0 

16 

84.48 

22.1 

3.0 

13.8 

36.4 

18 

95.04 

23.5 

3.3 

14.6 

38.5 

20 

105.60 

24.8 

42 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE  'PlPE 


TWENTY-FOUR -INCH    PIPE. 


k&Sf 

*->  Q.'o 

SoJ* 

fjL  -M   4> 

L 

C  o 

£ 
5] 

v  LL    * 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

40  I- 

II 

c*5  > 
*«0c 

£-%> 

5$ 

S1 

80=  <"  .; 
5S  *  £ 

«tl 

QJ    U    U 

33 

li 

r 

!•§§ 

wUW 

s 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

rt  •—  Z<  — 
•c^  »-  o 

KSM 

Q 

0.01 

0.71 

2.2 

0.10 

0.53 

1.42 

0.01 

0.79 

2.5 

0.12 

0.64 

1.62 

0.01 

0.90 

2.8 

0.15 

0.79 

1.81 

0.02 

1.06 

3.3 

0.2 

1.06 

2.14 

0.03 

1.35 

4.2 

0.3 

1.58 

2.72 

0.04 

1.59 

5.0 

0.4 

2.11 

3.24 

0.05 

1.81 

5.7 

0.5 

2.64 

3.69 

0.06 

2.01 

6.3 

0.6 

3.17 

4.07 

0.08 

2.20 

6.9 

0.7 

3.70 

4.46 

0.09 

2.36 

7.4 

0.8 

4.22 

4.79 

0.10 

2.55 

8.0 

0.9 

4.75 

5.19 

0.11 

2.70 

8.5 

1.0 

5.28 

5.50 

0.18 

3.41 

10.7 

1.5 

7.92 

6.95 

0.25 

4.03 

12.7 

2 

10.56 

8.20 

0.40 

5.10 

16.0 

3 

15.84 

10.1 

0.56 

6.00 

18.9 

4 

21.12 

12.2 

0.73 

6.83 

21.5 

5 

26.40 

13.9 

0.89 

7.60 

23.9 

6 

31.68 

15-5 

1.1 

8.28 

26.0 

7 

36.96 

16.8 

1.2 

8.95 

28.0 

8 

42.24 

18.1 

1.4 

9.55 

30.0 

9 

47.52 

19.4 

1.6 

10.2 

32.0 

10 

52.80 

20.7 

2.0 

11.4 

35.8 

12 

63.36 

23.2 

2.4 

12.4 

39.0 

14 

73.92 

25.2 

2.8 

13.4 

42.1 

16 

84.48 

27.3 

3.2 

14.3 

44.9 

18 

95.04 

29.1 

3.6 

15.2 

48.0 

20 

105.60 

31.1 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE  43 


TWENTY-SIX-INCH  PIPE, 


*i& 

!~°I 

L 

C  o 

I 

•SU 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

§D 
1 

~3i 

sft 

»«.t2  o 

X 

ft 

131 

Q 

JJI* 

!§&s 

Q 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.01 

0.75 

2.7 

0.10 

0,53 

1.75 

0.01 

0.83 

3.0 

0.12 

0.64 

1  .94 

0.01 

0.95 

3.5 

0.15 

0.79 

2.27 

0.02 

1.12 

4.1 

0.20 

1.06 

2.66 

0.03 

1.42 

5.2 

0.30 

1.58 

3.37 

0.04 

1.68 

6.1 

0.40 

2.11 

3.95 

0.06 

1.90 

6.9 

0.50 

2.64 

4.47 

0.07 

2.12 

7.7 

0.60 

3.17 

4.99 

0.08 

2.31 

8.4 

0.70 

3.70 

5.43 

0.09 

2.47 

9.0 

0.80 

4.22 

5.82 

0.11 

2.67 

9.7 

0.90 

4.75 

6.29 

0.12 

2.83 

10.3 

1.00 

5.28 

6.65 

0.20 

3.60 

13.1 

1.50 

7.92 

8.49 

0.28 

4.25 

15.4 

2 

10.56 

9.99 

0.47 

5.50 

20.0 

3 

15.84 

12.9 

0.63 

6.35 

23.1 

4 

21.12 

14.9 

0.81 

7.21 

26.2 

5 

26.40 

16.8 

0.99 

8.00 

29.1 

6 

31.68 

18.9 

1.2 

8.77 

31.9 

7 

36.96 

20.7 

1.4 

9.46 

34.4 

8 

42.24 

22.1 

1.6 

10.1 

36.7 

9 

47.52 

23.8 

1.8 

10.7 

38.9 

10 

52.80 

25.2 

2.2 

11.9 

43.2 

12 

63.36 

28.0 

2.7 

13.1 

47.6 

14 

73  92 

30.7 

3.1 

14.1 

51.3 

16 

84.48 

33.4 

3.5 

15.0 

54.5 

18 

95.04 

35.9 

4.0 

16.0 

58.2 

20 

105.60 

37.7 

44         FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


TWENTY-EIGHT  -  INCH  PIPE. 


!if 
1*1 

L 

-H§ 

I 
.StJ 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

<2i; 
33 

•23$ 

^T3> 
5-S§ 

*J 

y  u 

Jf;§l 

file 

|W 

0  v 

U& 

«Ucn 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

Sits 

Q 

0.01 

0.78 

3.3 

0.10 

0.53 

2.14 

0.01 

0.87 

3.7 

0.12 

0.64 

2.39 

0.02 

0.99 

4.2 

0.15 

0.79 

2.71 

0.02 

1.16 

5.0 

0.2 

1.06 

3.24 

0.03 

1.47 

6.3 

0.3 

1.58 

4.08 

0.05 

1.75 

7.5 

0.4 

2.11 

4.86 

0.06 

1.98 

8.5 

0.5 

2.64 

5.50 

0.08 

2.20 

9.4 

0.6 

3.17 

6.09 

0.09 

2.41 

10.3 

0.7 

3.70 

6.66 

0.10 

2.58 

11.0 

0.8 

4.22 

7.12 

0.12 

2.79 

11.9 

0.9 

4.75 

7.70 

0.14 

2.95 

12.6 

1.0 

5.28 

8.15 

0.22 

3.75 

16.0 

1.5 

7.92 

10.3 

0.30 

4.41 

18.9 

2 

10.56 

12.2 

0.49 

5.60 

23.9 

3 

15.84 

15.5 

0.68 

6.60 

28.2 

4 

21.12 

18.3 

0.87 

7.50 

32.1 

5 

26.40 

20.8 

1.1 

8.35 

35.7 

6 

31.68 

23.2 

1.3 

9.10 

38.9 

7 

36.96 

25.2 

1.5 

9.85 

42.1 

8 

42.24 

27.2 

1.7 

10.5 

44.9 

9 

47.52 

29.0 

2.0 

11.2 

47.9 

10 

52.80 

31.0 

2.4 

12.4 

53.0 

12 

63.36 

34.3 

2.9 

13.6 

58.2 

14 

73.92 

37.7 

3.3 

14.6 

62.4 

16 

84.48 

40.5 

3.8 

15.6 

66.7 

18 

95,04 

43.1 

4-3 

16.6 

71.0 

20 

105.60 

46.0 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE  45 


THIRTY -INCH    PIPE. 


it* 

it 

I 

FRICTION  HEAD 

.11 

Isl 

e§ 

.-  v 

in  Feet 

"*"O  "e 

•> 

ll 

i*(/) 

Erlid 

2*0  c 

|||c 

ill 

g^»  8 

•*-  3  C 

CflUW 

Per 

Per 

fill 

> 

5 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

5 

0.01 

0.81 

4.0 

0.10 

0.53 

2  59 

0.01 

0.90 

4.4 

0.12 

0.64 

2.85 

0.02 

1.03 

5.0 

0.15 

0-79 

3.24 

0.02 

3.21 

5.9 

0.20 

1.06 

3.82 

0.04 

1  53 

7.5 

0  30 

1.58 

4.85 

0.05 

1.81 

8.9 

0.40 

2.11 

5.76 

0.07 

2.06 

10.1 

0.50 

2.64 

6.52 

0.08 

2.29 

11.2 

0.6 

3.17 

7.25 

0.10 

2.50 

12.3 

0.7 

3.70 

7.98 

0.11 

2.68 

13.2 

0.8 

4.22 

8.55 

0.13 

2.89 

14.2 

0.9 

4.75 

9.20 

0.14 

3.05 

15.0 

1.0 

5.28 

9.71 

0.24 

3.90 

19.2 

1.5 

7.92 

12.4 

0.33 

4.61 

22.6 

2 

10.56 

14.6 

0.51 

5.85 

28.7 

3 

15.84 

18.6 

0.74 

6.88 

33.8 

4 

21.12 

21.9 

0.95 

7.81 

38.3 

5 

26.40 

24.7 

1.2 

8.7 

42.7 

6 

31.68 

27.6 

1.4 

9.5 

46.6 

7 

36.96 

30.2 

1.7 

10.3 

50.6 

8 

42.24 

32.7 

1.9 

10.9 

53.5 

9 

47.52 

34.6 

2.1 

11.6 

56.9 

10 

52.80 

36.7 

2.5 

12.8 

62.8 

12 

63.36 

40.6 

3.1 

14.1 

69.2 

14 

73.92 

44.8 

3.6 

15.2 

74.6 

16 

84.48 

48.2 

4.1 

16.2 

79.5 

18 

95.04 

51.5 

4.6 

17.3 

84.9 

20 

105.60 

55.0 

46 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    SlAVE    PlPE 


THIRTY-TWO-INCH    PIPE. 


s$i 

M 

L 

c  § 

I 
.StJ 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

CO  U 

nit 

-•«> 

.2  4*  W 

Jjj 

8s  'S 

£>§|« 

I'll 

1-8  § 

wUc/i 

Per 

Per 

|||| 

> 

Q 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

5 

0.01 

0.84 

4.7 

0.10 

0.53 

3.04 

0.01 

0.93 

5.2 

0.12 

0.64 

3.46 

0.02 

1.06 

5.9 

0.15 

0.79 

3.82 

0.02 

1.26 

7.1 

0.2 

1.06 

4.60 

0.04 

1.58 

8.8 

0.3 

1.58 

5.70 

0.05 

1.87 

10.4 

0.4 

2.11 

6.73 

0.07 

2.13 

11.9 

0.5 

2.64 

7.70 

0.09 

2.37 

13.2 

0.6 

3.17 

8.55 

0.10 

2.58 

14.4 

0.7 

3.70 

9.33 

0.12 

2.76 

15.4 

0.8 

4.22 

9.98 

0.14 

2.96 

16.5 

0.9 

4.75 

10.7 

0.15 

3.15 

17.6 

1.0 

5.28 

11.4 

0.25 

4.01 

22.4 

1.5 

7.92 

14.5 

0.35 

4.75 

26.5 

2 

10.56 

17.1 

0.56 

6.00 

33.5 

3 

15.84 

21.7 

0.77 

7.05 

39.4 

4 

21.12 

25.4 

1.0 

8.05 

44.9 

5 

26.40 

29.1 

1.2 

8.95 

50.0 

6 

31.68 

32.4 

1.5 

9.80 

54.7 

7 

36.96 

35.4 

1.7 

10.5 

58.6 

8 

42.24 

37.8 

2.0 

11.2 

62:6 

9 

47.52 

40.6 

2.2 

11.9 

66.5 

10 

52.80 

43.0 

2.7 

13-2 

73.7 

12 

63.36 

47.8 

3.3 

14.5 

81.0 

14 

73.92 

52.3 

3.8 

15.6 

87.1 

16 

84.48 

56.4 

4.4 

16.8 

93.8 

18 

95  04 

60,5 

4.9 

17.8 

99.4 

20 

105.60 

64.5 

FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  SjAws-P*eE.       47 
>;  •UpRA^7N\ — 

THIRTY-FOUR  -  INCH 

x* 


pi 

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c-o  £52 

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Q 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

5 

0.01 

0.87 

5.5 

0.10 

0.53 

3.56 

0.01 

0.96 

6.0 

0.12 

0.64 

3.88 

0.02 

1.10 

6.9 

0.15 

0.79 

4.46 

0.03 

1.30 

8.2 

0.2 

1.06 

5.31 

0.04 

1.64 

10.3 

0.3 

1.58 

6.65 

0.06 

1.93 

12.2 

0.4 

2.11 

7.80 

0.08 

2.20 

13.9 

0.5 

2.64 

9.00 

0.09 

2.45 

15.4 

0.6 

3.17 

9.99 

0.11 

2.68 

16.9 

0.7 

3.70 

10.9 

0.13 

2.86 

18.0 

0.8 

4.22 

11.6 

0.15 

3.09 

19.5 

0.9 

4.75 

12.7 

0.17 

3.28 

20.7 

1.0 

5.28 

13.4 

0.27 

4.15 

26.2 

1.5 

7.92 

17.0 

0.37 

4.90 

30.9 

2 

10.56 

20.0 

0.60 

6.20 

39.1 

3 

15.84 

25.3 

0.83 

7.30 

46.0 

4 

21.12 

29.8 

1.1 

8.31 

52.4 

5 

26.40 

34.0 

1.3 

9.25 

58.3 

6 

31.68 

38.5 

1.6 

10.2 

64.3 

7 

36.96 

41.8 

1.8 

10.8 

68.1 

8 

42.24 

44.1 

2.1 

11.6 

73.1 

9 

47.52 

47.4 

2.4 

12.4 

78.2 

10 

52.80 

50.8 

2.9 

13.7 

86.4 

12 

63.36 

56.0 

35 

15.0 

94.6 

14 

73.92 

61.1 

4.1 

16.2 

102 

16 

84.48 

66.1 

4.7 

17.3 

109 

18 

95.04 

70.5 

53 

18.4 

116 

20 

105.60 

75.1 

48 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


THIRTY-SIX  -  INCH    PIPE. 


iox 

u  C.  *J 

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5 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

1111 

Q 

0.01 

0.89 

6.3 

0.10 

0.53 

4.07 

0.02 

0.99 

7.0 

0.12 

0.64 

4.53 

0.02 

1.13 

8.0 

0.15 

0.79 

5.18 

0.03 

1.35 

9.5 

0.2 

1.06 

6,15 

0.05 

1.70 

12.0 

0.3 

1.58 

7.77 

0.06 

2.00 

14.1 

0.4 

2.11 

9.10 

0.08 

2.27 

16.0 

0.5 

2.64 

10.3 

0.10 

2.51 

17.7 

0.6 

3.17 

11.5 

0.12 

2.76 

19.5 

0.7 

3.70 

12.6 

0.14 

2.95 

20.8 

0.8 

4.22 

13.5 

0.16 

3.19 

22.5 

0.9 

4.75 

14.5 

0.18 

3.38 

23.9 

1.0 

5.28 

15.5 

0.29 

4.28 

30.3 

1.5 

7.92 

19.5 

0.40 

5.06 

35.8 

2 

10.56 

23.1 

0.64 

6.40 

45.2 

3 

15.84 

29.2 

0.89 

7.55 

53.4 

4 

21.12 

34.6 

1.2 

8,60 

60.8 

5 

26.40 

39.4 

1.4 

9.55 

67.5 

6 

31.68 

43.6 

1.7 

10.4 

73.5 

7 

36.96 

47.6 

2.0 

11.2 

79.2 

8 

42.24 

51.2 

2.2 

12.0 

84.8 

9 

47.52 

54.8 

2.6 

12.8 

90.5 

10 

52.80 

58.5 

3.1 

14.2 

100 

12 

63.36 

64.8 

3.7 

15.5 

109 

14 

73.92 

70.5 

4.4 

16.8 

119 

16 

84.48 

77.0 

5.0 

17.9 

126 

18 

95.04 

81.5 

5.6 

19.0 

134 

20 

105.60 

86.8 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


49 


THIRTY-EIGHT  -  INCH    PIPE. 


&£* 

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L 

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FRICTION  HEAD 
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Per 

Per 

UM    4>~4 

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5 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

5 

0.01 

0.92 

7.2 

0.10 

0.53 

4  65 

0.02 

1.03 

8.1 

0.12 

0.64 

5.24 

0.02 

1.16 

9.1 

0.15 

0.79 

5.89 

0.03 

1.38 

10.9 

0.2 

1.06 

7  05 

0.03 

1.75 

13.8 

0.3 

1.58 

8.95 

0.07 

2.05 

16.1 

0.4 

2.11 

10.2 

0.09 

2.35 

18.5 

0.5 

2.64 

12.6 

0.11 

2.60 

20.5 

0.6 

3.17 

13.2 

0.13 

2.85 

22.4 

0.7 

3.70 

14.5 

0.14 

3.02 

23.8 

0.8 

4.22 

15.4 

0.17 

3.28 

25.8 

0.9 

4.75 

16.7 

0.19 

3.48 

27.4 

1.0 

5.28 

17.7 

0.30 

4.40 

34.6 

1.5 

7.92 

23.3 

0.42 

5.21 

41.0 

2 

10.56 

26.6 

0.68 

6.60 

52.0 

3 

15.84 

33.7 

0.94 

7.75 

61.0 

4 

21.12 

39.5 

1.2 

8.81 

69.4 

5 

26  .  40 

45.0 

1.5 

9.80 

77.2 

6 

31.68 

50.0 

1.8 

10.7 

84.3 

7 

36.96 

54.7 

2.1 

11.6 

91.4 

8 

42.24 

59.3 

2.4 

12.4 

97.7 

9 

47.52 

63.0 

2.7 

13.2 

104 

10 

52.80 

67.5 

3.3 

14.6 

115 

12 

63.36 

74.5 

4.0 

16.0 

126 

14 

73.92 

81.5 

4.6 

17.2 

135 

16 

84.48 

87.5 

5.3 

18.5 

146 

18 

95.04 

94.4 

5.9 

19.5 

154 

20 

105.60 

99.9 

50 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


FORTY- INCH    PIPE. 


Head  in  Feet  re- 
quired to  pro- 
duce Velocity. 

Velocity  in  Feet 
per  Second. 

Discharge  in 
Cubic  Feet  per 
Second. 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

Discharge  in 
Million  Gallons 
per  twenty-four 
Hours. 

Per 

1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.01 

0.95 

8.3 

0.10 

0.53 

5.35 

0.02 

1.05 

8.8 

0.12 

0-64 

5.69 

0.02 

1.20 

10.5 

0.15 

0.79 

6.80 

0.03 

1.42 

12.4 

0.2 

1.06 

8.05 

0.05 

1.80 

15.7 

0.3 

1.58 

10.1 

0.07 

2.12 

18.5 

0.4 

2.11 

12.0 

0.09 

2.40 

20.9 

0.5 

2.64 

13.5 

0.11 

2.67 

23.3 

0.6 

3.17 

15.1 

0.13 

2.92 

25.5 

0.7 

3.70 

16.5 

0.15 

3.12 

27.2 

0.8 

4.22 

17.6 

0.18 

3.37 

29.4 

0.9 

4.75 

19.0 

0.20 

3.58 

31.2 

1.0 

5.28 

20.2 

0.32 

4.53 

39.5 

1.5 

7.92 

25.6 

0.45 

5.35 

46.7 

2 

10.56 

30.2 

0.72 

6.80 

59.3 

3 

15.84 

38.2 

0.99 

7.98 

69.7 

4 

21.12 

45.1 

1.3 

9.09 

79.3 

5 

26.40 

51.5 

1.6 

10.1 

88.1 

6 

31.68 

57.1 

1.9 

11*0 

96.0 

7 

36.96 

62.2 

2.2 

11.9 

104 

8 

42.40 

67.3 

2.5 

12.7 

111 

9 

47.52 

72.0 

2.8 

13.5 

118 

10 

52.80 

76.5 

3.4 

15.1 

132 

12 

63.36 

85.5 

4,2 

16.5 

144 

14 

73.92 

93.2 

4.9 

17.8 

155 

16 

84.48 

100.5 

5,6 

19.0 

166 

18 

95.04 

107.5 

6.3 

20.1 

175 

20 

105-60 

114.5 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    SlAVE    PlPE  51 


FORTY-TWO  -  INCH    PIPE. 


.£$£ 

L 

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FRICTION  HEAD 

a* 

o  o 

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£~£ 

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PC 

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Q 

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1,000  Feet 

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Mile 

IIII 

0.01 

0.97 

9.3 

0.10 

0.53 

6.01 

0.02 

1.07 

10.3 

0.12 

0.64 

6.65 

0.02 

1.23 

11.8 

0.15 

0.79 

7.65 

0.03 

1.46 

14.0 

0.2 

1.06 

9.08 

0.05 

1.84 

17.7 

0.3 

1.58 

11.5 

0.07 

2.17 

20.9 

0.4 

2.11 

13.5 

0.09 

2.47 

23.8 

0.5 

2.64 

15.4 

0.12 

2.75 

26.5 

0.6 

3.17 

17.8 

0.14 

3.00 

28.9 

0.7 

3.70 

18.7 

0.16 

3.20 

30.8 

0.8 

4.22 

20.0 

0.18 

3.46 

33.3 

0.9 

4.75 

21.6 

0.22 

3.68 

35.4 

1.0 

5.28 

22.9 

0.34 

4.65 

44.7 

1.5 

7.92 

29.0 

0.47 

5.50 

52.9 

2 

10.56 

34.1 

0.75 

6.95 

66.9 

3 

15.84 

43.3 

1.0 

8.20 

78.9 

4 

21.12 

51.0 

1.3 

9.30 

89.5 

5 

26.40 

57.5 

1.7 

10.4 

100 

6 

31,68 

64.8 

2.0 

11.3 

109 

7 

36.96 

70.5 

2.3 

12.2 

117 

8 

42.24 

75.7 

2.7 

13.1 

126 

9 

47.52 

81.6 

3.0 

14.0 

135 

10 

52.80 

87.5 

3.7 

15.5 

149 

12 

63.36 

96.5 

4.5 

17.0 

164 

14 

73.92 

106 

5.2 

18.2 

175 

16 

84.48 

113 

6.0 

19.6 

189 

18 

95.04 

122 

6.7 

20.7 

199 

20 

105.60 

129 

52          FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


FORTY-FOUR-INCH    PIPE. 


iox 

V 

o 

£$ 

W    U  *~i 

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v    . 
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Velocity  in  1 
per  Secont 

Discharge  in 
Cubic  Feel 
Second. 

in  Feet 

Discharge  in 
Million  Gal 
per  twenty- 
Hours. 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.02 

1.00 

10.6 

0.10 

0.53 

6.85 

0.02 

1.12 

11.8 

0.12 

0.64 

7.64 

0.03 

1.27 

13.4 

0,15 

0.79 

8.68 

0.04 

1.50 

15.8 

0.2 

1.06 

10.2 

0.06 

1.90 

20.0 

0.3 

1.58 

12.9 

0.08 

2.25 

23.7 

04 

2.11 

15.4 

0.10 

2.55 

26  9 

0.5 

2.64 

17.4 

0.12 

2.82 

29.8 

0.6 

3.17 

19.4 

0.15 

3  10 

32.7 

0.7 

3.70 

21.3 

0.17 

3.30 

34.8 

0.8 

4.22 

22.5 

0  20 

3.57 

37.7 

0.9 

4.75 

24.5 

0.22 

3.78 

39.9 

1.0 

5.28 

25.7 

0.36 

4.80 

50.7 

1.5 

7.92 

32.7 

0.50 

5.68 

60.0 

2 

10.56 

38.9 

0.80 

7.16 

75.6 

3 

15.84 

49.0 

1  .1 

8.45 

89.2 

4 

21.12 

58.0 

1.4 

9.61 

101 

5 

26.40 

65-5 

1.8 

10.7 

113 

6 

31.68 

73.0 

2.1 

11.7 

124 

7 

36.96 

80  5 

2.5 

12.6 

133 

8 

42.24 

86.0 

2  8 

13.5 

143 

9 

47  .  52 

92.5 

3.1 

14.2 

150 

10 

52.80 

97.2 

3.9 

15.9 

168 

12 

63  36 

109 

4.8 

17.5 

185 

14 

73.92 

120 

5.5 

18.8 

198 

16 

84.48 

128 

6.3 

20.1 

212 

18 

95.04 

137 

7.1 

21    4 

226 

20 

105.60 

146 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


53 


FORTY-SIX-INCH    PIPE. 


•**  c.'n 

!• 

k 

FRICTION  HEAD 

11 

lo° 

u.-«; 
£& 
111 

X 

p 

Discharge  in 
Cubic  Feel 
Second. 

in  Feet 

Discharge  in 
Million  Gal 
per  twenty- 
Hours. 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.02 

1.04 

12.0 

0.10 

0.53 

7.78 

0.02 

1.16 

13.4 

0.12 

0.64 

8.68 

0  03 

1.31 

15.1 

0.15 

0.79 

9.76 

0.04 

1.55 

17.8 

0.2 

1.06 

11.5 

0.06 

1.96 

22.6 

0.3 

1.58 

14.6 

0.08 

2.30 

26.5 

0.4 

2.11 

17.1 

0.11 

2.62 

30.2 

0.5 

2.64 

19.6 

0.13 

2.90 

33.5 

0.6 

3.17 

21.7 

0.16 

3.18 

36.7 

0.7 

3.70 

23.8 

0.18 

3.42 

39.5 

0.8 

4.22 

25.6 

0.21 

3.67 

42.3 

0.9 

4.75 

27.3 

0.24 

3.89 

44.9 

1.0 

5.28 

29.1 

0.37 

4.91 

56.7 

1.5 

7.92 

36.6 

0.53 

5.82 

67.2 

2 

10.56 

43.6 

0.84 

7.37 

85.0 

3 

15.84 

55.0 

1.2 

8.70 

100 

4 

21.12 

64.8 

1.5 

9.90 

114 

5 

26.40 

73.9 

1.9 

11.0 

127 

6 

31.68 

82.1 

2.2 

12.0 

138 

7 

36.96 

90.7 

2.6 

12.9 

149 

8 

42.24 

96.5 

3.0 

13.8 

159 

9 

47.52 

103 

3.3 

14.6 

168 

10 

52.80 

109 

4.1 

16.3 

188 

12 

63.36 

121 

5.0 

17.9 

207 

14 

73.92 

133 

5.8 

19.3 

223 

16 

84.48 

144 

6.7 

20.7 

239 

18 

95.04 

154 

7.5 

22.0 

254 

20 

105.60 

164 

54 


FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


FORTY-EIGHT-INCH  PIPE. 


Head  in  Feet  re- 
quired to  pro- 
duce  Velocity 

Velocity  in  Feet 
per  Second. 

Discharge  in 
Cubic  Feet  per 
Second. 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feel 

Discharge  in 
Million  Gallons 
per  twenty-four 
Hours. 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.02 

1.07 

13.4 

0.10 

0.53 

8.68 

0.02 

1.18 

14.8 

0.12 

0.64 

9.59 

0.03 

1.35 

17.0 

0.15 

0.79 

11.0 

0.04 

1.60 

20.1 

0.2 

1.06 

13.0 

0.06 

2.02 

25.4 

0.3 

1.58 

16.4 

0.09 

2.37 

29.8 

0.4 

2.11 

19.4 

0.11 

2.69 

33.8 

0.5 

2.64 

21.8 

0.14 

2-97 

37.3 

0.6 

3.17 

24.2 

0  16 

3.26 

41.0 

0.7 

3.70 

26.6 

0.19 

3.52 

44.2 

0.8 

4.22 

28.7 

0.22 

3.78 

47.5 

0.9 

4.75 

30.8 

0,25 

4.00 

50.3 

1.0 

5.28 

32.7 

0.40 

5.05 

63.5 

1.5 

7.92 

41.1 

0.56 

5.98 

75.2 

2 

10.56 

48.6 

0.89 

7.56 

95 

3 

15.84 

61.5 

1.2 

8.90 

112 

4 

21.12 

72.5 

1.6 

10.2 

128 

5 

26.40 

86 

2.0 

11,3 

142 

6 

31.68 

92 

2.4 

12.4 

156 

7 

36.96 

101 

2.8 

13.3 

167 

8 

42.24 

108 

3.1 

14.2 

178 

9 

47.52 

115 

3.5 

15.0 

188 

10 

52.80 

121 

4.3 

16.7 

210 

12 

63.36 

136 

5.3 

18.4 

231 

14 

73.92 

149 

6.1 

19.8 

249 

16 

84.48 

161 

7.1 

21.3 

267 

18 

95.04 

173 

7.9 

22.6 

284 

20 

105.60 

184 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE   PlPE  55 


FIFTY-FOUR  -  INCH    PIPE. 


o6>, 

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£5 

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in  Feet 

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wU(/} 

Per 

Per 

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BS 

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Q 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

5 

0.02 

1.14 

18.1 

0.10 

0.53 

11.7 

0.03 

1.27 

20.2 

0.12 

'0.64 

13.1 

0.03 

1.44 

22.9 

0.15 

0.79 

14.6 

0.05 

1.73 

27.5 

0.2 

1.06 

17.7 

0.07 

2.16 

34.3 

0.3 

1.58 

22.2 

0.10 

2.51 

39.9 

0.4 

2.11 

25.7 

0.13 

2.86 

45.5 

0.5 

2.64 

29.5 

0.16 

3.18 

50.5 

0.6 

3.17 

32.7 

0.19 

3.47 

55.2 

-0.7 

3.70 

35.7 

0.22 

3.75 

59.6 

0.8 

4.22 

38.5 

0.25 

4.00 

63.6 

0.9 

4.75 

41.1 

0-28 

4.23 

67.3 

1.0 

5.28 

43.6 

0.45 

5.38 

85.4 

1.5 

7.92 

55.8 

0.63 

6.36 

101 

2 

10.56 

65.5 

1.0 

8.05 

128 

3 

15.84 

82.9 

1.4 

9.50 

151 

4 

21.12 

9'8 

1.8 

10.8 

172 

5 

26.40 

111 

2.3 

12.1 

192 

6 

31.68 

124 

2.7 

13.2 

210 

7 

36.96 

136 

3.1 

14.2 

225 

8 

42.24 

145 

3.5 

15.1 

240 

9 

47.52 

155 

4.0 

16.0 

254 

10 

52.80 

164 

50 

17.9 

284 

12 

63.36 

184 

6.0 

19.6 

311 

14 

73.92 

202 

7.0 

21.2 

337 

16 

84.48 

218 

8.0 

22.7 

361 

18 

95.04 

234 

9.1 

24.2 

384 

20 

105.60 

248 

56 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


SIXTY  -  INCH    PIPE. 


iix 

tJ 

w. 
G 

(A  V< 

C  3 

i  a'O 

(S-o 

Ck 

FRICTION  HEAD 

.2.2 

^*  1>  o 

•;J 

l?i 

in  Feet 

'Kfe 

III 

!& 

Q 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

lit! 

Q 

0.02 

1.20 

23.6 

0.10 

0.53 

15.3 

0.03 

1.34 

26.3 

0.12 

0.64 

17.0 

0.04 

1.52 

29.8 

0.15 

0.79 

10.3 

0.05 

1.80 

35.3 

0.2 

1.06 

22.8 

0.08 

2.28 

44.8 

0.3 

1.58 

29.0 

0.11 

2.68 

52.6 

0.4 

2.11 

34  0 

0.14 

3.03 

59.5 

0.5 

2  64 

38.5 

0.18 

3  .  38 

66.3 

0.6 

3.17 

43.0 

0.21 

3.69 

72.4 

0.7 

3.70 

47.0 

0.25 

3.98 

78.1 

0.8 

4.22 

50.6 

0.28 

4.25 

83.4 

0.9 

4.75 

54.0 

0.32 

4.50 

,88.3 

1.0 

5.28 

57.0 

0.50 

5.68 

111 

1.5 

7.92 

71.5 

0.70 

6.71 

131 

2 

10.56 

84.5 

1.1 

8.49 

166 

3 

15.84 

107 

1.6 

10.0 

198 

4 

21.12 

128 

2.0 

11.4 

223 

5 

26.40 

144 

2.5 

12.7 

249 

6 

31.68 

161 

3.0 

13.8 

271 

7 

36.96 

176 

3.5 

14.9 

293 

8 

42.24 

190 

4.0 

16.0 

314 

9 

47.52 

204 

4.5 

17.0 

333 

10 

52.80 

215 

5.6 

19.0 

373 

12 

63.36 

242 

6.7 

20  8 

408 

14 

73.92 

264 

7.8 

22.4 

439 

16 

84.48 

284 

9 

24.1 

473 

18 

95.04 

306 

10 

25.5 

°° 

20 

105.60 

324 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


SIXTY -SIX -INCH    PIPE. 


*l* 

L 

& 

FRICTION  HEAD 

11 

III 

si 
il 

£| 

B1 

in  Feet 

C*rt  >• 

«03 

SI  Is 

III 

K 

ii 

!•§§ 
Iu" 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

«G=|  w  5 

SsSJ 

Q 

0.02 

1.26 

29.9 

0.10 

0.53 

19.0 

0.03 

1.40 

33.3 

0.12 

0.64 

21  .6 

0.04 

1.60 

38.0 

0.15 

0.79 

24  6 

0.06 

1.89 

44.9 

0.2 

1.06 

29.1 

0.09 

2.39 

56.8 

0.3 

1.58 

36.7 

0.12 

2.81 

66.8 

0.4 

2.11 

43.2 

0.16 

3.19 

75.8 

0.5 

2.64 

49.1 

0.19 

3.54 

84.1 

0.6 

3.17 

54.5 

0.23 

3.88 

92.2 

0.7 

3.70 

59.7 

0.27 

4.18 

99.3 

0.8 

4.22 

64.2 

0.31 

4.46 

106 

0.9 

4.75 

68.8 

0.35 

4.72 

112 

1.0 

5.28 

72.7 

0.56 

6.00 

142 

1.5 

7.92 

92.1 

0.77 

7.05 

167 

2 

10.56 

108 

1.2 

8.95 

212 

3 

15.84 

137 

1.7 

10.5 

249 

4 

21.12 

161 

2.2 

12.0 

285 

5 

26.40 

184 

2.8 

13.5 

320 

6 

31.68 

207 

3.3 

14.6 

347 

7 

36.96 

225 

3.8 

15.7 

373 

8 

42.24 

242 

4.4 

16.8 

399 

9 

47.52 

257 

4.9 

17.8 

423 

10 

52.80 

273 

6.2 

20.0 

475 

12 

63.36 

308 

7.4 

21.8 

518 

14 

73.92 

335 

8.7 

23.6 

560 

16 

84.48 

362 

9.9 

25.2 

598 

18 

95.04 

387 

11.2 

26.9 

639 

20 

105.60 

414 

58 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


SEVENTY-TWO  -  INCH    PIPE 


6  6  >, 

I 

w> 
D 

£5 

*j  CXT; 

£  ' 

a 

FRICTION  HEAD 

J2° 

II! 

tS 

fij 
PI 

in  Feet 

e73  > 

«os 
SS8c 

Ill 

X 

J! 

Is! 

5 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

rt"-  w  ~ 
^^  v-  5 

JI5&2 

p 

0.03 

1.32 

37.3 

0.10 

0.53 

24.2 

0.03 

1.47 

41.6 

0.12 

0.64 

27.0 

0.04 

1.67 

47,2 

0.15 

0.79 

30.6 

0.06 

1.99 

56.3 

0.2 

1.06 

36.5 

0.10 

2.51 

71.0 

0.3 

1.58 

46.0 

0.13 

2.93 

82.8 

0.4 

2.11 

53.6 

0.17 

3.32 

93.9 

0.5 

2.64 

60.8 

0.21 

3.70 

104 

0.6 

3.17 

67.3 

0.26 

4  04 

114 

0.7 

3.70 

73.9 

0.29 

4.37 

123 

0.8 

4.22 

79.5 

0.34 

4.68 

132 

0.9 

4.75 

85.5 

0.38 

4.93 

139 

1.0 

5.28 

90 

0.61 

6.25 

176 

1.5 

7.92 

114 

0.85 

7.38 

208 

2 

10.56 

135 

1.4 

9.35 

264 

3 

15.84 

171 

1.9 

11.0 

311 

4 

21.12 

202 

2.4 

12.5 

353 

5 

26.40 

228 

3.1 

14.0 

395 

6 

31.68 

256 

3.6 

15.1 

427 

7 

36.96 

276 

4.1 

16.3 

461 

8 

42.24 

299 

4.8 

17.5 

494 

9 

47.52 

320 

5.3 

18.5 

523 

10 

52.80 

340 

6.7 

20.8 

588 

12 

63.36 

381 

8  1 

22.8 

644 

14 

73.92 

418 

9.4 

24.6 

695 

16 

84.48 

450 

10.0 

26.4 

746 

18 

95.04 

484 

12.2 

28 

791 

20 

105.60 

513 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    SlAVE    PlPE  59 


SEVENTY-EIGHT  -  INCH   PIPE. 


v  6  >» 

w  *-  —  • 

*j  CVy 

L 

I 

FRICTION  HEAD 

j! 

£W5 

c  § 

'«£  • 

in  Feet 

*£O-g 

c"2> 

£(/> 

ufo"c 

£?§  £  £ 

Stl 

ii 

r 

gU</> 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

in 

5 

0-03 

1.38 

45.8 

0.10 

0.53 

29.7 

0.04 

1.54 

51.1 

0.12 

0.64 

33.2 

0.05 

1.76 

58.4 

0.15 

0.79 

37.7 

0.07 

2.08 

69.0 

0.2 

1.06 

44.7 

0.11 

2.62 

86.9 

0.3 

1.58 

56.1 

0.14 

3.05 

101 

0.4 

2.11 

65.5 

0.19 

a.  47 

115 

0.5 

2.64 

74.5 

0.23 

3.86 

128 

0.6 

3.17 

83.0 

0.28 

4.21 

139 

0.7 

3.70 

90.0 

0.32 

4.54 

150 

0.8 

4.22 

97.3 

0.37 

4.88 

162 

0.9 

4.75 

105 

0.41 

5.15 

171 

1.0 

5.28 

111 

0.66 

6.51 

216 

1.5 

7.92 

140 

0.94 

7.70 

255 

2 

10.56 

165 

1.5 

9.80 

325 

3 

15.84 

211 

2.1 

11.5 

381 

4 

21.12 

247 

2.7 

13.1 

434 

5 

26.40 

281 

3.4 

14.7 

489 

6 

31.68 

317 

3.8 

15.8 

524 

7 

36.96 

340 

4.5 

17.2 

570 

8 

42.24 

369 

5.1 

18.3 

607 

9 

47.52 

392 

5.8 

19.4 

643 

10 

52.80 

417 

7.3 

21.7 

720 

12 

63.36 

467 

8.8 

23.9 

793 

14 

73.92 

515 

10.3 

25.8 

856 

16 

84.48 

555 

11.8 

27.6 

915 

18 

95.04 

592 

13.4 

29.4 

975 

20 

105.60 

638 

60          FLOW  THROUGH  WOODEN  STAVE  PIPE 


EIGHTY-FOUR-INCH    PIPE. 


t>6x 

t; 

W, 
0) 

S!3 

*  Q.~ 

w  . 

ft 

FRICTION  HEAD 

£3 

«s| 

cl 

.£  <J 

in  Feet 

•55^ 

c'S> 

il 

vTo  c 

&o  |$2 

111 

*5  ft 

•5*3  o» 

Per 

Per 

||  || 

> 

5 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

5 

0.04 

1.44 

55.4 

0.10 

0.53 

35.9 

0.04 

1.60 

61.6 

0.12 

0.64 

40.0 

0.05 

1.82 

70.0 

0.15 

0.79 

45.4 

0.08 

2.16 

83.1 

0.2 

1.06 

53.9 

0.12 

2.73 

105 

0.3 

1.58 

68.0 

0.16 

3.20 

123 

0.4 

2.11 

79.5 

0.21 

3.63 

139 

0.5 

2.64 

90.0 

0.26 

4.03 

155 

0.6 

3.17 

100 

0.30 

4.40 

169 

0.7 

3.70 

109 

0.35 

4.75 

182 

0.8 

4,22 

118 

0.40 

5.10 

196 

0.9 

4.75 

127 

0.45 

5.38 

207 

1.0 

5.28 

134 

0.72 

6.82 

262 

T.5 

7.92 

170 

1.0 

8.05 

309 

2 

10.56 

200 

1.7 

10.0 

385 

3 

15.84 

249 

2.3 

12.0 

461 

4 

21.12 

298 

3.0 

13.7 

529 

5 

26.40 

343 

3.7 

15.3 

588 

6 

31.68 

381 

4.4 

16.6 

639 

7 

36.96 

413 

5.1 

18.0 

692 

8 

42.24 

448 

5.8 

19.2 

738 

9 

47.54 

477 

6.4 

20.3 

781 

10 

52.80 

508 

8.0 

22.7 

873 

12 

63  .  36 

565 

9.6 

24.8 

954 

14 

73.92 

620 

11.1 

26.8 

1031 

16 

84.48 

670 

12.7 

28.7 

1104 

18 

95.04 

715 

14.3 

30.4 

1169 

20 

105.60 

758 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


61 


NINETY -INCH   PIPE. 


*tf 

*i 

cl 

FRICTION  HEAD 

11 

C*ed  x 

cl! 

.£§ 

g|| 

in  Feet 

life 

•O'*"   ° 

"5  •* 

.c^  8 

j5  —  **  s 

I8" 

5* 

gOc/i 

Per 
,000  Feet 

Per 
Mile 

sgSa 

Q 

0.04 

1.50 

66.3 

0.10 

0.53 

43.0 

0.05 

1.67 

73.8 

0.12 

0.64 

47.6 

0.06 

1.90 

83.9 

0.15 

0.79 

54.1 

0.08 

2.25 

99.4 

0.2 

1.06 

64.5 

0.13 

2.85 

125 

0.3 

1.58 

81.5 

0.17 

3.30 

145 

0.4 

2.11 

94.0 

0  22 

3.76 

166 

0.5 

2.64 

107 

0.28 

4.19 

185 

0.6 

3.17 

120 

0.33 

4.55 

201 

0.7 

3.70 

130 

0.38 

4.92 

217 

0.8 

4.22 

140 

0.43 

5.27 

232 

0.9 

4.75 

150 

0.47 

5.58 

246 

1.0    ' 

5.28 

159 

0.77 

7.05 

311 

1.5 

7.92 

202 

1.08 

8.35 

368 

2 

10.56 

238 

1.71 

10.5 

463 

3 

15.84 

300 

2.35 

12.3 

543 

4 

21.12 

352 

3.09 

14.1 

622 

5 

26.40 

405 

3.88 

15.8 

698 

6 

31.68 

452 

4.54 

17.1 

755 

7 

36.96 

490 

5.30 

18.5 

817 

8 

42.24 

530 

6.00 

19.7 

870 

9 

47.54 

563 

6.85 

21.0 

927 

10 

52.80 

600 

8.65 

23.6 

1042 

12 

63.36 

678 

tO.  3 

25.8 

1139 

14 

73.92 

737 

12.0 

27.8 

1228 

16 

84.48 

797 

13.7 

29.8 

1316 

18 

95.04 

852 

15.6 

31.7 

1410 

20 

105.60 

915 

62 


FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE   PlFE 


NINETY-SIX-INCH   PIPE. 


Head  in  Feet  re- 
quired to  pro- 
duce Velocity. 

Velocity  in  Feet 
per  Second. 

Discharge  in 
Cubic  Feet  per 
Second. 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

Discharge  in 
Million  Gallons 
.  per  twenty-four 
Hours. 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

Mile 

0.04 

1.56 

78.4 

0.10 

0.53 

50.7 

0.05 

1.73 

86.9 

0.12 

0.64 

56.1 

0.06 

1.97 

99 

0.15 

0.79 

69.5 

0.09 

2.32 

116 

0.2 

1.06 

75.2 

0.14 

2.95 

148 

0.3 

1.58 

96 

0.19 

3.45 

173 

0.4 

2.11 

112 

0.24 

3.93 

197 

0.5 

2.64 

127 

0.30 

4.38 

220 

0.6 

3.17 

142 

0.36 

4.78 

240 

0.7 

3.70 

155 

0.42 

5.18 

260 

0.8 

4.22 

168 

0.47 

5.50 

276 

0.9 

4.75 

179 

0.53 

5.83 

293 

1.0 

5.28 

190 

0.85 

7.40 

371 

1.5 

7.921 

241 

1.2 

8.75 

439 

2 

10.56 

285 

1.9 

11.0 

552 

3 

15.84 

357 

2.7 

13.0 

653 

4 

21.12 

425 

3.4 

34.8 

743 

5 

26.40 

482 

4.3 

16.6 

834 

6 

31.68 

540 

5.0 

18.0 

904 

7 

36.96 

586 

5.9 

19.5 

980 

8 

42.24 

635 

6.7 

20.8 

1045 

9 

47.54 

675 

7.5 

22.0 

1105 

10 

52.80 

715 

9.4 

24.6 

1236 

12 

63.36 

801 

11.3 

27.0 

1357 

14 

73.92 

875 

13.1 

29.0 

1457 

16 

84.48 

940 

14.9 

31.1 

1563 

18 

95.04 

1012 

16.9 

33.0 

1658 

20 

105.60 

1071 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE  63 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHT. 


iox 

ti 

fc 

£S 

U   U  *J 

*j  CCy 

|2-§ 
*-g> 

l| 

a 
Aj 

B1 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

co 
ela  > 

«e>s 
S*$c 

111 

X 

is 

r 

!•§§ 

fcCJW 

5 

Per 
1,000  Feet 

Per 

.Mile 

rt  •••  Z»  " 

SIM 
s 

0.05 

1.66 

105 

0.10 

0.53 

68.0 

0.06 

1.83 

116 

0.12 

0.64 

75.2 

0.07 

2.05 

130 

0.15 

0.79 

84.5 

0.10 

2.48 

157 

0.2 

1.06 

101 

0.16 

3.13 

191 

0.3 

1.58 

124 

0.21 

3,67 

233 

0.4 

2.11 

151 

0.27 

4.17 

265 

0.5 

2.64 

171 

0.32 

4.63 

294 

0.6 

3.17 

190 

0.40 

5.05 

321 

0.7 

3.70 

207 

0.47 

5.46 

347 

0.8 

4.22 

225 

0.54 

5.85 

372 

0.9 

4.75 

242 

0.60 

6.20 

394 

1.0 

5.28 

255 

0.96 

7.85 

499 

1.5 

7.92 

323 

1.33 

9.25 

588 

2 

10.56 

381 

2.07 

11.6 

737 

3 

15.84 

477 

2.95 

13.8 

877 

4 

21.12 

567 

3.85 

15.7 

1002 

5 

26.40 

650 

4.85 

17.7 

1126 

6 

31.68 

730 

5.60 

19.0 

1208 

7 

36.96 

783 

6.60 

20.6 

1310 

8 

42.24 

850 

7.50 

22.0 

1399 

9 

47.52 

905 

8.40 

23.2 

1475 

10 

52.80 

955 

10.3 

26.0 

1660 

12 

63.36 

1075 

12.7 

28.6 

1819 

14 

73.92 

1180 

14.7 

30.8 

1959 

16 

84.48 

1270 

16.9 

33.0 

2099 

18 

95.04 

1355 

18.9 

35.0 

2226 

20 

105.60 

1440 

64 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY. 


*is 

~  O-o 

|s| 

L 

C 

a 

FRICTION  HEAD 
in  Feet 

(/)    U 

J3 
3 

•;«t 

Si| 

'*$ 

§/£•§ 

ft>        C 

£?§S2 

T3  "3  3 
<<   i.^ 
«  0"O 

l& 

"53  o« 

*5  3  a; 

Per 

Per 

a 

5 

1,000  Feet 

Mile 

Q 

0.05 

1.75 

137 

0.10 

0.53 

89.0 

0.06 

1.95 

153 

0.12 

0.64 

99.0 

0.07 

2.12 

166 

0.15 

0.79 

107 

0.11 

2.63 

206 

0.2 

1.06 

133 

0.18 

3.32 

260 

0.3 

1.58 

168 

0.25 

3.95 

310 

0.4 

2.11 

201 

0.32 

4.48 

340 

0.5 

2.64 

221 

0.39 

4.98 

391 

0.6 

3.17 

253 

0.47 

5.46 

428 

0.7 

3.70 

277 

0.54 

5.87 

461 

0.8 

4.22 

299 

0.62 

6.29 

494 

0.9 

4.75 

320 

0.69 

6.65 

522 

1.0 

5.28 

338 

1.09 

8.42 

661 

1.5 

7.92 

429 

1.53 

9.92 

779 

2 

10-.  56 

505 

2.43 

12.5 

981 

3 

15.84 

637 

3.38 

14.7 

1156 

4 

21.12 

750 

4.39 

16.8 

1319 

5 

26.40 

850 

5.47 

18.8 

1476 

6 

31.68 

955 

6.46 

20.4 

1602 

7 

36.96 

1040 

7.50 

22.0 

1727 

8 

42.24 

1119 

8.56 

23.5 

1845 

9 

47.52 

1200 

9.70 

25.0 

1963 

10 

52.80 

1270 

12.1 

27.9 

2120 

12 

63.36 

1370 

14.5 

30.5 

2295 

14 

73.92 

1480 

16.9 

33.0 

2591 

16 

84.48 

1680 

19.2 

35.2 

2764 

18 

95.04 

1790 

21.9 

37.6 

2953 

20 

105  60 

1910 

FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


65 


Diameter 
of  Pipe 
h»  Inches 

Area  in 
Square  Feet. 

Hydraulic 
Radius 
R 
in  Feet. 

x/R 

in  Feet. 

Discharge 
in  Million 
Gallons  per 
Twenty-four 
Hours  with 
Velocity  of 
1  Foot  per 
Second. 

10 

0.5454 

0.2083 

0.456 

0.352 

12 

0.7854 

0.2500 

0.500 

0.508 

14 

1.069 

0.2917 

0.540 

0.691 

16 

1.396 

0.3333 

0.577 

0.902 

18 

1.767 

0.3750 

0.612 

1.14 

20 

2.182 

0.4167 

0.646 

1.41 

22 

2.640 

0.4583 

0.677 

1.71 

24 

3.142 

0.5000 

0.707 

2.03 

26 

3.637 

0.5417 

0.736 

2.38 

28 

4.276 

0.5833 

0.764 

2.76 

30 

4.909 

0.6250 

0.790 

3.17 

32 

5.585 

0.6667 

0.817 

3.61 

34 

6.305 

0.7083 

0.842 

4.07 

36 

7.069 

0.7500 

0.866 

4.57 

38 

7.876 

0.7917 

0.890 

5.09 

40 

8.727 

0.8333 

0.913 

5.64 

42 

9.621 

0.8750 

0.935 

6.22 

44 

10.56 

0.9167 

0.957 

6.82 

46 

11.54 

0.9583 

0.979 

7.46 

48 

12.57 

.0000 

.000 

8.12 

54 

15.90 

.1250 

.061 

10.28 

60 

19.63 

.2500 

.118 

12.69 

66 

23.76 

.3750 

.173 

15.35 

72 

28.27 

.5000 

.225 

18.27 

78 

33.18 

.6250 

.275 

21.44 

84 

38.48 

.7500 

.323 

24.87 

90 

44.18 

.8750 

.369 

28.55 

96 

50.26 

2.0000 

.414 

32.48 

108 

63.62 

2.2500 

.500 

41.12 

120 

78.54 

2.5000 

1.581 

50.76 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


VALUES   OF    C   IN    KUTTER'S    FORMULA 
with  n  =  o.ozo. 


DIAMETER  OF  PIPE  IN  INCHES. 


•S  ° 

2* 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

0.10 

99 

104 

109 

113 

117 

120 

123 

126 

129 

131 

0.12 

101 

107 

112 

116 

120 

123 

126 

128 

131 

133 

0.15 

104 

109 

113 

117 

121 

124 

127 

130 

132 

134 

0.2 

107 

112 

116 

120 

123 

127 

130 

132 

134 

137 

0.3 

110 

115 

118 

123 

126 

130 

133 

135 

137 

139 

0.4 

111 

116 

120 

124 

127 

131 

134 

136 

137 

140 

0.5 

112 

118 

122 

126 

129 

132 

135 

137 

139 

141 

0.6 

113 

118 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

137 

139 

142 

0.7 

113 

118 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

137 

139 

142 

0.8 

114 

119 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

0.9 

114 

119 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

1.0 

114 

119 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

1.6 

115 

120 

124 

127 

130 

133 

136 

138 

141 

143 

2 

115 

121 

124 

127 

130 

133 

136 

139 

141 

144 

3 

116 

121 

124 

128 

131 

134 

136 

140 

141 

144 

4 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

5 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

6 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

7 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

8 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

9 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

10 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

12 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

14 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

16 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

18 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

20 

116 

121 

125 

129 

132 

135 

137 

140 

142 

144 

FLOW   THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE  67 


VALUES    OF    C    IN    KUTTER'S    FORMULA 
with  n  =  0.010. 


DIAMETER  OF  PIPE  ix  INCHES. 


n 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

0.10 

133 

135 

137 

139 

140 

142 

143 

145 

146 

147 

0.12 

135 

137 

139 

141 

143 

144 

145 

147 

148 

149 

0.15 

136 

138 

140 

142 

143 

144 

146 

147 

149 

150 

0.2 

138 

140 

142 

143 

145 

147 

148 

149 

151 

152 

0.3 

141 

142 

144 

146 

148 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

0.4 

142 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

151 

152 

154 

154 

0.5 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

0.6 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

0.7 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

0.8 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

0.9 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

1.0 

143 

145 

146 

148 

149 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

1.5 

144 

146 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

2 

144 

146 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

3 

145 

147 

148 

149 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

4 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

5 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

6 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

7 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

8 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

9 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

10 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

12 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

14 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

16 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

18 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

20 

145 

147 

149 

150 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

68 


FLOW    THROUGH    WOODEN    STAVE    PlPE 


VALUES    OF    C    IN    KUTTER'S   FORMULA 
with  n  =  o.oio. 


DIAMETER  OF  PIPE  IN  INCHES. 


?  ** 

*  & 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

96 

108 

120 

0  10 

151 

154 

157 

160 

162 

164 

168 

171 

174 

0  12 

153 

156 

159 

161 

163 

165 

169 

172 

174 

0.15 

154 

156 

159 

161 

163 

165 

169 

172 

174 

0.2 

155 

158 

160 

162 

165 

167 

170 

172 

175 

0.3 

157 

159 

162 

163 

166 

167 

170 

173 

175 

0  4 

157 

160 

162 

164 

166 

168 

170 

173 

175 

0  5 

158 

161 

162 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

0  6 

158 

161 

163 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

0  7 

158 

161 

163 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

0  8 

158 

161 

163 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

0  9 

158 

161 

163 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

!  0 

158 

161 

163 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

1  5 

159 

161 

163 

165 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

o 

159 

161 

164 

166 

167 

168 

171 

173 

175 

3 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

173 

175 

4 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

5 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

6 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

7 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

8 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

9 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

10 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

12 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

14 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

16 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

18 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

20 

159 

162 

164 

166 

167 

169 

171 

174 

175 

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65.8 

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87.5 

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48.1 

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69-7 

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91.4 

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12 

5-2 

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26.8 

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48.5 

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70.2 

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91.8 

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II3-5 

13 

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63 

27-3 

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48.9 

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70.6 

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49.4 

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71.0 

214 

92.7 

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114-4 

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28.1 

115 

49-8 

165 

71-5 

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93-1 

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16 

6.9 

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28.6 

116 

50.2 

166 

216 

93-6 

266 

115-2 

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7-8 

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68 

29.0 
29.4 

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118 

50.7 

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1  68 

72.3 

72.8 

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94.0 
94-4 

267 
268 

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5L5 

169 

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94-9 

269 

116.5 

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8.7 

70 

30-3 

1  20 

52.0 

170 

73-6 

220 

95-3 

270 

117.0 

21 

9.1 

71 

30.7 

121 

52.4 

171 

74.  T 

221 

95-7 

271 

117-4 

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9-5 

72 

31-2 

122 

52.8 

172 

74-5 

222 

96.2 

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117.8 

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73 

31-6 

123 

53-3 

173 

74-9 

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96.6 

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118.3 

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10.4 

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32.0 

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53-7 

174 

75-4 

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97-0 

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10.8 

75 

32.5 

125 

54-1 

175 

75-8 

225 

97-5 

275 

119.1 

26 

H-3 

76 

32.9 

126 

54-6 

176 

76.2 

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97-9 

276 

119.6 

27 

11.7 

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177 

76.7 

227 

98.3 

277 

120.0 

28 

12.  1 

78 

33-8 

128 

55-4 

178 

77.1 

228 

98.8 

278 

120.4 

29 

12-5 

79 

34-2 

129 

55-9 

179 

77-5 

229 

99.2 

279 

120.8 

30 

13-0 

80 

34-6 

130 

56.3 

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78.0 

230 

99-6 

280 

121.3 

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13.4 

81 

35-1 

56.7 

181 

78.4 

231 

100.  i 

281 

121.7 

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13-9 

82 

35-5 

132 

57-2 

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78.8 

232 

100.5 

282 

122.1 

33 
34 

14.3 
14.7 

83 
84 

35-9 
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133 

57-6 
58.0 

183 
184 

79-3 

233 

100.9 

283 

122.6 

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86 

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185 
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235 
236 

101.8 

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285 
286 

123.4 
123.9 

37 

16.0 

87 

37-7 

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187 

81.0 

102.7 

287 

124-3 

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16.5 

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81.4 

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103.1 

288 

124.7 

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16.9 

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38.5 

139 

60.2 

189 

81.9 

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103-5 

289 

125.2 

40 

17.3 

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39-0 

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60.6 

190 

82.3 

240 

104.0 

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125.6 

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82.7 

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92 

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61.5 

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83.2 

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104.8 

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126.5 

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40.3 

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61.9 

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83.6 

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105.3 

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44 

19.0 

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40.7 

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62.4 

194 

84.0 

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84-5 

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106.1 

295 

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106.6 

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198 
199 

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248 
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107.4 
107.9 

298 
299 

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